The average daily amount of fluid that passes through the pylorus in a healthy adult is about:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (6 liters) because the average daily amount of fluid that passes through the pylorus in a healthy adult is approximately 5-7 liters. This is based on the normal daily volume of gastric juice secretion and other fluids entering the duodenum. Choice A (2 liters) is too low and would not be sufficient for normal bodily functions. Choice B (9 liters) is too high and would lead to excessive fluid loss. Choice D (8 liters) is also too high and would not align with the typical physiological range. Therefore, C is the most accurate option based on the known physiology of the digestive system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: stomach. This morphologic pattern is most commonly seen in scirrhous (fibrous) type of gastric carcinoma. The diffuse intramural spread with extensive fibroblastic thickening is a characteristic feature of scirrhous gastric cancer. This pattern is not typically associated with carcinoma of the esophagus, small intestine, or appendix. The fibroblastic thickening in the stomach is due to desmoplastic reaction caused by the tumor cells, leading to the characteristic linitis plastica appearance on imaging.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Helps in food absorption. Chewing primarily aids in food breakdown into smaller particles for easier digestion. Chewing does not directly contribute to food absorption, as absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine. A: Sense of satiety is correct, as chewing helps signal fullness to the brain. C: Helps in food digestion is correct, as chewing starts the mechanical breakdown process. D: Increase salivary secretion is incorrect, as chewing stimulates saliva production to aid in digestion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: - Parietal cells in gastric glands secrete gastric acid in response to hormonal stimulation, primarily gastrin. - Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, stimulating acid secretion. - This process is essential for digestion and maintaining the acidity of the stomach environment. Summary of Incorrect Choices: - B: Most of the secretion of acid and pepsinogen occurs during the gastric (not intestinal) phase. - D: Gastric secretion begins before food enters the stomach, as cephalic phase responses can initiate acid secretion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chyme. This term refers to the semi-solid mixture of food and digestive juices that is formed in the stomach through the process of digestion. The stomach mixes food with gastric juices to create chyme, which is then passed to the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. B: Bolus is incorrect as it refers to the compact mass of food that is swallowed and travels through the esophagus to reach the stomach. C: Feces is incorrect as it is the solid waste material that is formed in the large intestine and expelled from the body. D: None of the above is incorrect as the term "chyme" accurately describes the semi-solid mixture formed in the stomach during digestion.