The athlete comes to the clinic with bursitis. What does the nurse know happens to the tissue to cause pain when bursitis occurs?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C is correct because bursitis is the inflammation of the synovial membrane sac at friction sites, which are small, fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles near joints. When these sacs become inflamed, it causes pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. This is a common condition among athletes due to repetitive movements or overuse of a joint. Option A, tearing of a ligament, is incorrect because bursitis does not involve damage to ligaments. Option B, stretching of muscle and fascia sheath, is incorrect as bursitis primarily affects the synovial membrane sac, not muscles or fascia. Option D, incomplete separation of articular surfaces of joint caused by ligament injury, is also incorrect as it describes a different condition involving joint surfaces, not bursitis. Understanding the pathophysiology of bursitis is crucial for nurses to accurately assess, diagnose, and provide appropriate care for patients presenting with this condition. By knowing the specific tissue involved and the typical symptoms associated with bursitis, nurses can effectively educate patients on self-care strategies, management of symptoms, and prevention of further injuries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Promote the use of assistive devices so the patient can participate in self-care activities. This option is the most appropriate because it focuses on promoting the patient's independence and autonomy, which are crucial for their physical and psychological well-being. By using assistive devices, the patient can engage in self-care tasks, maintain a sense of control, and preserve their dignity. Option A is incorrect because while educating family members is important, the priority should be on empowering the patient themselves. Option B is incorrect as while social interactions are important, the patient's ability to engage in self-care activities takes precedence in this scenario. Option D is incorrect as it promotes dependency rather than independence, which can lead to a decline in the patient's overall functioning and quality of life. In an educational context, it is vital for nurses to prioritize patient-centered care that promotes independence and self-care abilities. By encouraging the use of assistive devices, nurses can support patients in maintaining their functional abilities and enhancing their quality of life. Empowering patients to engage in self-care tasks also fosters a sense of dignity and self-worth, contributing to their overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Recently developed symptoms of hypothyroidism. In a patient with dementia, if the condition is potentially reversible, it suggests that an underlying and treatable cause may be contributing to the cognitive impairment. Hypothyroidism can present with symptoms that mimic dementia, such as memory problems, confusion, and difficulty concentrating. Once hypothyroidism is identified and treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, cognitive function can improve significantly, leading to a reversal of dementia-like symptoms. Option A) Has long-standing abuse of alcohol is incorrect because while chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairment and conditions like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, it is not typically reversible to the extent that the dementia-like symptoms would completely resolve. Option B) Has a history of Parkinson's disease is incorrect because Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that can lead to cognitive decline over time. While some symptoms of Parkinson's disease can be managed with treatment, the dementia associated with it is not considered reversible. Option D) Was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 10 years ago is incorrect because although HIV can lead to neurocognitive disorders, once the virus has caused damage to the brain, the resulting cognitive impairment is usually not reversible even with antiretroviral therapy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of thorough assessment in patients presenting with dementia-like symptoms. It emphasizes the need to consider and investigate potentially reversible causes of cognitive impairment to provide appropriate and timely treatment to improve patient outcomes. It also reinforces the significance of understanding the pathophysiology of different conditions that can manifest with similar clinical presentations in order to make accurate diagnostic and treatment decisions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Obvious deformity, as this is a cardinal sign of a fracture. When a bone is fractured, it can cause a visible deformity or misalignment at the site of the injury. This can be seen as a limb appearing bent in an abnormal way or a part of the bone poking through the skin. The other options are incorrect for the following reasons: A) Muscle spasms: While muscle spasms can sometimes occur as a result of a fracture due to the body's protective response, they are not a definitive sign of a fracture. C) Edema and swelling: Edema and swelling can be present with a fracture due to inflammation and increased blood flow to the area, but they are not specific to fractures and can be present in other types of injuries. D) Pain and tenderness: Pain and tenderness are common symptoms of a fracture, but they are not as specific or definitive as the presence of an obvious deformity. Educationally, understanding the cardinal signs of fractures is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, as they are often the first point of contact for patients with potential fractures. Recognizing these signs promptly can lead to timely interventions and appropriate management of the injury, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Nurses must be able to differentiate between various signs and symptoms to provide safe and effective care to patients with musculoskeletal injuries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Petechiae around the neck and upper chest. This symptom is indicative of a fat embolism rather than a pulmonary embolism from a venous thrombosis. Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots that appear on the skin when small blood vessels break. They are a result of fat globules entering the circulation and lodging in small blood vessels in the lungs. This situation is commonly seen in patients with long bone fractures, where fat from the bone marrow can enter the bloodstream. Option A) Tachycardia and dyspnea are non-specific symptoms that can be present in both fat embolism and pulmonary embolism, making it a less specific choice. Option B) A sudden onset of chest pain is more commonly associated with a pulmonary embolism rather than a fat embolism. Option D) Electrocardiographic changes and decreased PaO2 are also non-specific and can be seen in various conditions affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Educational context: Understanding the specific signs and symptoms of fat embolism is crucial for nurses caring for patients with fractures. Recognizing petechiae can aid in early identification and prompt intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It highlights the importance of thorough assessment and critical thinking in clinical practice.