The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The countercurrent exchange system in the kidney concentrates urine via solute gradients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Dehydration increases vasopressin to conserve water by concentrating urine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Increased plasma osmolarity is the strongest trigger for vasopressin release to conserve water.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Menstruation itself does not directly increase UTI risk; short urethra, anal proximity, and antibiotic-induced flora disruption are established risk factors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hypotonic fluids have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the body's cells. When these fluids are administered, they can cause water to move into the cells through osmosis, leading to swelling and potentially causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Additionally, hypotonic fluids can cause third spacing, which refers to the movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space, leading to edema and decreased circulating blood volume. Lastly, excessive intake of hypotonic fluids can result in water intoxication, as the body's electrolyte balance is disrupted.