The amount of urine normally produced per day is approximately:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Normal urine output is 1-2 L/day not lower (oliguria) or higher (polyuria). This quantifies healthy production, critical for assessing function, contrasting with abnormal volumes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) are simple cuboidal not brush border (PCT), lacking basement (false), or RER-rich (mitochondria-rich). This defines DCT structure, critical for fine-tuning, contrasting with PCT features.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mesangial cells phagocytose basement membrane not restricted (extra-glomerular exist), parietal (podocytes), or creatinine-secreting. This specifies their role, critical for GBM maintenance, contrasting with incorrect functions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lacis cells are extra-glomerular mesangial cells in the JGA not secretory, intra-glomerular, or neuroepithelial. This specifies their identity, key for JGA support, contrasting with other cell types.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renin is from afferent not efferent arterioles; other pairs (macula/DCT, fenestrae/glomerulus, collecting/ray) are correct. This corrects renin source, key for RAAS, contrasting with true associations.