The amount of neurotransmitter that is present in a synapse at any given time must be carefully controlled in order to prevent excessive stimulation of the post synaptic terminal. In general, which of the following represent ways in which excessive accumulation of a transmitter can be prevented?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Reuptake of the transmitter at the presynaptic terminal: This process involves the retrieval of excess neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron, preventing excessive accumulation in the synapse. Step 2: Enzymatic degradation of the transmitter within the synapse: Enzymes break down excess neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse, helping to maintain optimal levels and preventing overstimulation of the post synaptic terminal. Step 3: Negative feedback to inhibit further release of the transmitter: When neurotransmitter levels are high, negative feedback mechanisms can inhibit further release, preventing excessive accumulation and maintaining synaptic balance. Summary: - Option A and B are correct because reuptake and enzymatic degradation help prevent excessive accumulation of neurotransmitters. - Option C is also correct as negative feedback mechanisms play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release. - Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all of the above mechanisms work together to prevent excessive accumulation of neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Assess for bowel sounds. Rationale: 1. Assessing for bowel sounds is the initial step to ensure proper placement before administering enteral feeding. 2. Bowel sounds indicate the tube is in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of aspiration. 3. This step precedes tube placement confirmation (auscultation and pH check), flushing, and reflushing. Summary: - Auscultating tube placement and checking pH (B) should follow assessing bowel sounds. - Flushing the tube with water (C) and reflushing (D) occur after confirming proper tube placement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Advancing the diet slowly. This helps the client gradually build tolerance for fluids and foods, reducing the likelihood of exacerbating nausea and vomiting. Advancing the diet slowly allows the digestive system to adjust and minimizes gastrointestinal distress. Choice B (Discouraging caffeinated or carbonated beverages) can help reduce gastric irritation but does not directly address developing tolerance for fluids and foods. Choice C (Recommending commercial over-the-counter beverages) is not specific to helping the client develop tolerance. Choice D (Replacing dietary fat with MCTs) may be beneficial for some clients, but it does not directly address the client's ability to tolerate fluids and foods.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Administer oxygen throughout the seizure. Oxygen administration is crucial during a seizure to maintain oxygenation and prevent hypoxia. Hypoxia can exacerbate brain damage in clients experiencing seizures. Administering oxygen helps ensure adequate oxygen supply to the brain and other vital organs, reducing the risk of injury. A: Initiate precautions by restraining the client - Restraint can increase the risk of injury and worsen the seizure. B: Observe the client throughout the seizure - While important, simply observing the client does not actively prevent injury during the seizure. D: Administer an analgesic during the seizure - Analgesics are not indicated during a seizure and may not address the risk for injury. Administering oxygen is the most appropriate intervention to minimize the risk for injury during a seizure in a client with pancreatitis and alcohol withdrawal.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach. Bile (A) is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not active in the stomach. Gastrin (C) is a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion but is not a digestive substance. Maltase (D) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not active in the stomach. Thus, the only substance active or activated in the stomach is Pepsin.