The age of a child who imitates construction of a bridge of 3 cubes; copies circle; makes tower of 10 cubes is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 36 months old. This question assesses the developmental milestone of a child's fine motor skills and cognitive abilities. At around 36 months (3 years old), a child should be able to imitate construction of a bridge using 3 cubes, copy a circle, and make a tower of 10 cubes. This age signifies the stage of development where a child's fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and cognitive abilities have sufficiently progressed to perform these tasks. Option A) 24 months old is incorrect because at 2 years old, children typically do not have the fine motor skills and cognitive abilities to accomplish tasks as complex as building a tower of 10 cubes or copying a circle. Option B) 30 months old is also incorrect because although children at this age may start imitating construction of simple structures with blocks, they are unlikely to be able to copy a circle or make a tower of 10 cubes. Option D) 42 months old is incorrect as children at 42 months are typically more advanced in their fine motor skills and cognitive abilities than what is described in the question. By this age, they would be expected to perform more complex tasks than those outlined in the question. Understanding these developmental milestones is crucial for pediatric nurses as it helps them assess a child's growth and development, identify potential delays, and provide appropriate interventions or referrals when necessary. By knowing what is developmentally appropriate for each age group, healthcare providers can offer targeted support to promote optimal child development.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 24 months. This question assesses developmental milestones in a child, specifically focusing on language and motor skills. At around 24 months, a child is typically able to put three words together (subject, verb, object), demonstrate improved fine motor skills like handling a spoon well, and participate in activities independently. This age aligns with the expected developmental milestones for a toddler. Option A) 15 months is too early for a child to be able to perform the described tasks. At 15 months, children are still developing their fine motor skills and may not have the language capabilities to form three-word sentences. Option B) 18 months is also too early for a child to exhibit all the described skills. While some children may start putting two words together at this age, handling a spoon well and actively participating in dressing tasks are more commonly seen in older toddlers. Option D) 30 months is beyond the average age for these milestones. By 30 months, children should have already mastered these skills. Waiting until 30 months to achieve these milestones would be considered a developmental delay, requiring further evaluation. Understanding typical developmental milestones is crucial for healthcare providers working with children to monitor growth and development, identify potential delays early, and provide appropriate support and interventions when needed. This knowledge helps in promoting early intervention and optimizing outcomes for children.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for the 6-month-old boy presenting with respiratory distress, feeding difficulty, a heart rate of 130/min, and a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Explanation of the correct answer (C - Ventricular septal defect): 1. VSD is a common congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening between the ventricles, leading to symptoms like respiratory distress and feeding difficulty due to increased pulmonary blood flow. 2. The presence of a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border indicates a VSD as it is a classic auscultatory finding in this condition. 3. The increased heart rate of 130/min is a compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output in the presence of the VSD. Explanation of why others are wrong: A) Mitral regurgitation: Unlikely in this scenario as the murmur would be at the apex, not the left lower sternal border. B) Mitral valve prolapse: Typically presents with a mid-systolic click, not a pansystolic murmur. D) Coarctation of aorta: Usually presents with hypertension in the upper extremities and weak pulses in the lower extremities, not respiratory distress and feeding difficulty. Educational context: Understanding the clinical manifestations and auscultatory findings associated with different congenital heart defects is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these signs early can lead to prompt intervention and improved outcomes for the child. A robust knowledge of pediatric cardiac conditions is essential for nurses working in pediatric settings to provide safe and effective care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most typical behavior for children of this age during a play date is engaging in parallel play (Option C). At around 2-3 years of age, children are still in the early stages of social development and tend to play alongside each other rather than directly interact or share toys. This behavior is known as parallel play and is a common and developmentally appropriate stage in early childhood. Option A, sharing and trading toys, is less likely at this age because young children are still learning about ownership and possessiveness. They may find it challenging to share toys willingly. Option B, playing with little to no conflict, is also less typical as children of this age are still learning social skills, including conflict resolution. Some level of conflict or disagreement may arise during play. Option D, playing with only one or two items and ignoring most toys, is less common as children at this age are usually exploring and engaging with a variety of toys and objects to stimulate their curiosity and creativity. Understanding the typical behaviors of children at different developmental stages is crucial for educators and caregivers to provide appropriate support and guidance to promote healthy social interactions and play experiences. By recognizing and supporting parallel play, adults can create an environment that nurtures children's social development and fosters positive peer interactions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) Record the urine output in the chart. In pediatric nursing, monitoring urine output is crucial as it is a key indicator of renal function and hydration status in children. In this case, the 4-year-old child's urine output of 150 mL in 10 hours falls within the expected range for a child of this age and weight. It is important for the nurse to accurately document this output in the child's chart for ongoing assessment and to establish a baseline for comparison. Option A) Notify the physician; urine output is too low: This option is incorrect because the child's urine output is within the expected range for a 4-year-old. There is no indication of decreased renal function or dehydration based on the given information. Option B) Encourage increased oral intake: While hydration is important, there is no evidence in the question to suggest that the child is dehydrated or in need of increased oral intake. The current urine output is appropriate for the child's age and weight. Option D) Administer IV fluids to rehydrate: There is no indication in the question that the child is dehydrated to the point of needing IV fluids. Administering IV fluids without a proper assessment and indication can lead to fluid overload and potential complications. Educational context: Understanding normal pediatric parameters, such as urine output, is vital for pediatric nurses. By accurately documenting and interpreting urine output, nurses can detect early signs of renal dysfunction, dehydration, or other health issues in children. This question reinforces the importance of thorough assessment, documentation, and critical thinking in pediatric nursing practice.