The age at which the infant can achieve early head control with bobbing motion when pulled to sit is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for providing appropriate care. The correct answer is A) 2 months. At around 2 months of age, infants start to achieve early head control with a bobbing motion when pulled to sit. This milestone is important as it signifies the strengthening of neck muscles and the beginning of head control, which is essential for further motor skill development. Option B) 3 months is incorrect because by this age, infants should already have achieved early head control, so they would not be bobbing their heads when pulled to sit. Option C) 4 months is also incorrect as infants typically demonstrate more stable head control by this age, with less bobbing motion. Option D) 6 months is incorrect as infants should have full head control and be able to sit with support by this age. Educationally, this question highlights the significance of understanding developmental stages in infants. It emphasizes the importance of early intervention if a child is not meeting milestones at the expected time, as delays can indicate underlying issues that may need to be addressed. This knowledge is crucial for nurses working in pediatric settings to monitor growth and development effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) 13 months. This relates to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, specifically the sensorimotor stage. At around 12-18 months, children develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. When a child continues to search for a hidden object, it demonstrates they have achieved object permanence, which typically occurs around 12 months of age. Option A) 7 months is too young for a child to have developed object permanence. Option B) 9 months is also too early for this cognitive milestone. Option C) 11 months is closer to the correct age but is still premature for the consistent demonstration of object permanence through searching for hidden objects. Educationally, understanding the stages of cognitive development in children is crucial for pediatric nurses. It helps them assess a child's developmental progress and tailor interventions or interactions accordingly. By recognizing where a child is developmentally, nurses can provide appropriate support and engage children in ways that align with their cognitive abilities.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of a pediatric patient post craniotomy for subarachnoid hemorrhage, the development of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a concern due to the impact of CNS trauma on fluid regulation. The correct answer is B) Serum sodium 128 mEq/L. SIADH is characterized by an excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to water retention, dilutional hyponatremia, and low serum sodium levels. A serum sodium level of 128 mEq/L indicates hyponatremia, which is a hallmark of SIADH. Option A) Serum osmolality of 300 mOsm/L is within normal range and does not indicate dilutional hyponatremia seen in SIADH. Option C) Urine sodium < 20 mmol/L is not consistent with SIADH, as in this condition, urinary sodium excretion is typically high due to the action of ADH on the renal tubules to retain free water. Option D) N/A does not provide any information to determine the presence of SIADH. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of SIADH in the context of CNS trauma is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients post neurosurgery. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of SIADH, such as hyponatremia, is essential for prompt intervention to prevent further complications like cerebral edema. Monitoring serum sodium levels is a key nursing intervention in these patients to detect and manage electrolyte imbalances promptly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of postanesthetic respiratory illness in premature infants, it is crucial to consider their developmental stage and physiological readiness for anesthesia. The correct answer, option A) 44 weeks, indicates that infants younger than 44 weeks postconceptual age are at higher risk for postanesthetic respiratory complications due to their immature respiratory systems. Premature infants have underdeveloped lungs and respiratory muscles, making them more susceptible to respiratory complications such as apnea and respiratory distress following anesthesia. Infants younger than 44 weeks postconceptual age may struggle to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation during the postanesthetic period, putting them at increased risk for adverse events. Options B) 46 weeks, C) 48 weeks, and D) 50 weeks are incorrect because they suggest older postconceptual ages at which premature infants would be considered safe for anesthesia. However, these ages are still within the range of developmental immaturity in premature infants, increasing the likelihood of postanesthetic respiratory issues. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique considerations and vulnerabilities of premature infants when providing anesthesia. Healthcare providers must be aware of the specific risks associated with anesthesia in this population and take appropriate precautions to minimize adverse outcomes. Knowledge of developmental milestones and physiological differences in premature infants is essential for safe and effective care delivery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option C: "At 6 months, his weight should be approximately twice his birth weight." This response is the best choice because it provides an accurate and specific guideline for the mother regarding her infant's weight at 6 months of age. Option A is incorrect because stating that the weight should be three times the birth weight is inaccurate and may cause unnecessary concern for the mother. Option B, while promoting individual growth, does not provide a clear guideline for the mother's query. Option D is also incorrect as a general statement about weight gain without considering the individual infant's birth weight. Educationally, understanding normal growth and development patterns in infants is crucial for nurses and caregivers. By providing accurate information like in option C, healthcare professionals can support parents in monitoring their child's growth effectively and alleviate unnecessary worries. This rationale emphasizes the importance of evidence-based guidelines in pediatric care.