The age at which the infant can achieve early head control with bobbing motion when pulled to sit is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Early head control is an important milestone in infant development as it signifies the strengthening of neck muscles and the beginning of postural control. Infants typically achieve early head control with a bobbing motion when pulled to sit around 2 months of age. At this stage, infants are able to briefly support their head and neck against gravity, showing signs of muscle strength and control. Option A, 2 months, is the correct answer because it aligns with the expected developmental timeline for achieving early head control. Infants at 2 months are beginning to develop the necessary muscle strength to lift and control their heads in response to external stimuli. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they fall outside the typical age range for achieving early head control. By 3 months, infants may start to exhibit more head control but not the specific bobbing motion described in the question. At 4 and 6 months, infants are further along in their development and should have more robust head control, making the bobbing motion less pronounced. Understanding infant developmental milestones is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations, including nurses preparing for the NCLEX RN exam. By recognizing these milestones, nurses can assess infant growth and development, identify potential delays or concerns, and provide appropriate interventions and support for optimal outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type, affecting about 70-80% of individuals with cerebral palsy. It is characterized by muscle stiffness and tightness, which can affect movement and coordination. This type of cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor cortex of the brain. Option A) ataxic cerebral palsy is characterized by problems with balance and coordination. Option C) dystonic cerebral palsy involves involuntary muscle contractions, leading to twisting and repetitive movements. Option D) dyskinetic cerebral palsy includes both athetoid and choreoathetoid types, resulting in uncontrolled movements. Educationally, understanding the different types of cerebral palsy is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the characteristics of each type can help in providing appropriate care, interventions, and therapies tailored to the individual needs of children with cerebral palsy. It also aids in early identification and intervention, improving outcomes and quality of life for these patients.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct approach to treating a 2-year-old who ingested kerosene is not listed among the provided options. However, we can discuss the rationale behind the options provided and why they are incorrect. A) Inducing emesis is contraindicated in cases of hydrocarbon ingestion like kerosene due to the risk of aspiration and further lung damage. B) Performing nasogastric tube lavage is also not recommended as it can lead to complications such as perforation or further exposure to the toxic substance. C) Instilling mineral oil is not the appropriate treatment for kerosene ingestion and will not help in this case. D) Administering steroids is not indicated in the immediate management of kerosene ingestion. In the educational context, it is important to highlight the dangers of hydrocarbon ingestion in children and emphasize the need for immediate medical attention. Proper management includes supportive care, monitoring for respiratory distress, and possibly activated charcoal administration if indicated. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to be well-versed in the appropriate management of toxic ingestions to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) masturbation. Preschool children typically do not engage in masturbation as a developmental milestone. Understanding the rationale for why the correct answer is right involves recognizing typical developmental milestones for preschool children. Preschoolers are not developmentally ready for sexual exploration behaviors like masturbation, as this behavior emerges later during puberty. Option A, handedness achieved by 3 years of age, is correct. By age 3, most children have developed a dominant hand preference, although it may not be fully established until a bit later. Option B states that boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control, which is true. Girls typically achieve bladder control earlier than boys due to differences in physical development. Option C, knowing gender by 4 years, is also accurate. By age 4, children typically have a strong understanding of their own gender identity and can correctly identify the gender of others. Understanding these developmental milestones is crucial for pediatric nursing practice as it helps nurses assess a child's growth and development accurately. Recognizing deviations from these norms can indicate potential developmental delays or concerns that may require further evaluation or intervention. It is essential for nurses preparing for the NCLEX RN exam to have a solid understanding of typical developmental milestones across different age groups to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) hypothermia. A teratogen is a substance that can cause malformations or disruptions in the development of an embryo or fetus. Hypothermia is not a substance but rather a condition of low body temperature, which in itself does not have a direct teratogenic effect on the developing fetus. A) Ethanol is a well-known teratogen that can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, leading to physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities in the newborn. B) Antiepileptic medications have been associated with an increased risk of birth defects when taken during pregnancy. It is important for women taking these medications to consult with their healthcare provider to weigh the risks and benefits. C) Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. If a pregnant woman contracts toxoplasmosis for the first time during pregnancy, it can be transmitted to the fetus and lead to severe consequences, including neurological damage and vision problems. Educational Context: Understanding teratogens is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers working with pregnant women to help prevent birth defects and promote healthy pregnancies. Educating women about avoiding exposure to teratogens is an essential aspect of prenatal care. By knowing which substances or factors can harm the developing fetus, healthcare professionals can provide guidance on how to minimize risks and ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.