The AGACNP recognizes that which of the following diagnostic studies is essential in all cases of acute abdomen?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chest radiography. In cases of acute abdomen, a chest radiograph is essential to rule out conditions like pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or pneumonia which may present with similar symptoms. This helps in identifying potential causes of abdominal pain outside the abdomen. Abdominal radiograph (A) may not provide enough information for diagnosis. Contrast radiography (B) and ultrasonography (D) are not universally essential for all cases of acute abdomen and may not be appropriate in certain situations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the term "carcinoma" specifically refers to neoplasms of epithelial origin. Epithelial cells line the surfaces and cavities of the body, so carcinomas originate from these tissues. This term does not describe internal structure (A), loss of growth regulation (B), or metaplastic adaptation (C). Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer and can occur in various organs such as the skin, lungs, breasts, and colon.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Obstructed labor can lead to prolonged pressure on the uterus, causing hemorrhage and uterine rupture (A). 2. Prolonged labor can result in fetal distress due to reduced oxygen supply and potential infection (B). 3. Therefore, both complications mentioned in A and B can occur in obstructed labor. Summary: A: Incorrect - Preterm birth and asphyxia are not directly related to obstructed labor. B: Incorrect - Only fetal distress and infection are commonly associated with obstructed labor. C: Incorrect - Both A and B are possible complications of obstructed labor, making D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Non-pharmacological methods of pain relief. Homeopathy, music therapy, and hydrotherapy are all non-pharmacological approaches that do not involve the use of medication to manage pain. They focus on alternative techniques to alleviate pain, such as using natural remedies, music, or water-based therapies. These methods aim to address pain through holistic approaches that do not rely on traditional pharmaceutical interventions. A: Systemic methods of pain relief typically involve medications that affect the entire body, such as opioids. B: Regional analgesia methods target specific areas for pain relief, like nerve blocks. C: Inhalational analgesia involves administering pain relief medications through inhalation, such as nitrous oxide. In summary, the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the non-pharmacological nature of homeopathy, music therapy, and hydrotherapy in managing pain.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because in obstructive shock due to a large pulmonary embolus, there is increased resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle, leading to elevated right ventricular pressure. This causes a backup of blood into the pulmonary circulation, increasing left ventricular pressure. The increased left ventricular pressure results in decreased cardiac output as the left ventricle struggles to pump against the increased resistance. A: Elevated atrial and decreased ventricular pressures - This is incorrect as obstructive shock typically results in elevated ventricular pressures due to increased resistance. B: Elevated right-sided and decreased left-sided pressures - This is partially true, but C is a more complete answer that explains the consequences of these pressures on cardiac output. D: Elevated left ventricular pressure and decreased systemic vascular resistance - This is incorrect as obstructive shock leads to increased, not decreased, systemic vascular resistance due to the embolus obstructing blood flow.