The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys, one per side, producing hormones like cortisol and epinephrine. The thyroid is neck-based, liver below kidneys, and hypothalamus in the brain not adjacent. This renal positioning distinguishes adrenal anatomy, vital for stress and metabolic regulation, integrating with kidney function in endocrine control.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Paracrine signaling involves chemicals (e.g., prostaglandins) affecting nearby cells, like histamine in inflammation acting locally without entering blood. Autocrine signaling targets the secreting cell itself (e.g., cancer cells self-stimulating). Endocrine signaling uses blood to reach distant cells (e.g., insulin from pancreas). 'Neuron' isn't a signaling type neurons use neurotransmitters, often paracrine-like at synapses, but it's distinct. Paracrine's local effect distinguishes it, critical for short-range coordination, unlike self, systemic, or neural mechanisms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates spermatogenesis in male testes' Sertoli cells and follicle growth in female ovaries monthly, driving gamete production. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers testosterone in males and ovulation/oestradiol in females, not sperm/follicle initiation. Somatostatin inhibits hormone release (e.g., GH), not stimulating reproduction. Thymosin, from the thymus, boosts immunity, not gonadal function. FSH's dual reproductive role distinguishes it, key to fertility, unlike ovulation, inhibition, or immune hormones.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Goiter, thyroid enlargement, stems from multiple causes: iodine deficiency impairs T3/T4 synthesis, increasing TSH and colloid; genetic abnormalities (e.g., enzyme defects) disrupt hormone production; anti-thyroid drugs (e.g., propylthiouracil) block synthesis, prompting hypertrophy. 'All' encompasses these, distinguishing goiter's multifactorial etiology, key to diagnosis, contrasting with single-cause disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The thyroid gland sits at the throat's base, below the Adam's apple, secreting T3/T4 for metabolism and calcitonin for calcium. The pituitary, at the brain's base, controls other glands. The pineal, in the brain's midline, releases melatonin. The hypothalamus, above the pituitary, regulates it, not at the throat. Thyroid's neck location and metabolic role distinguish it, key to its anatomical and functional identity, unlike brain-based glands.