The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone. The other choices are incorrect because the pituitary gland is located in the brain, the pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity, and the ovaries are located in the pelvic region. The adrenal glands are the only glands located just superior to the kidneys, making choice D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nerve axons. The hypothalamus communicates with the posterior pituitary lobe through nerve axons that form the hypothalamic-pituitary tract. This pathway allows for the release of hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin directly into the bloodstream. Blood vessels (choice A) are not directly responsible for the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. Cartilage (choice C) and bone (choice D) do not play a role in this connection and are not anatomically linked to the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Answer C is correct because all of the other choices are indeed functions of hormones. A) Hormones play a crucial role in controlling reproduction by regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and sperm production. B) Hormones such as serotonin and dopamine have a direct impact on mood regulation and emotional well-being. D) Hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential in influencing growth and development. Therefore, since all the other choices are valid functions of hormones, the correct answer is C, NONE OF THE ABOVE.