The 8-year-old patient is receiving methylphenidate (Ritalin). The patient's mother tells the nurse that he won't eat while on his medication. What is the best response by the nurse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Methylphenidate curbs appetite-giving it post-meals and adding snacks offsets weight loss, per practical management. Depression isn't indicated-appetite loss is a known effect. Appetite stimulants aren't standard. Nutritionists help long-term, not acutely. Post-meal dosing balances efficacy and nutrition, per care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is most effective when taken 30 minutes before meals. This allows the medication to inhibit proton pumps during meal-stimulated acid production. Taking it after (A) or with meals (C) reduces its effectiveness. While it can be taken without regard to meals (D), taking it before meals is optimal.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitors are known to act on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to the active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and also stimulates the release of aldosterone, leading to increased blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, ACE inhibitors help to lower blood pressure and reduce the secretion of aldosterone, thereby decreasing the overall vasoconstriction and volume expansion effects of the RAAS. Examples of ACE inhibitors include medications such as lisinopril, enalapril, and captopril.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The best explanation for the prescription of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril for a patient with diabetes who does not have hypertension is that this medication has a protective effect on the kidneys for patients with diabetes. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril have been shown to have renal protective benefits by reducing the progression of diabetic nephropathy, a common complication of diabetes that affects the kidneys. Therefore, even in the absence of hypertension, using an ACE inhibitor like lisinopril can help preserve kidney function in patients with diabetes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, works by inhibiting TNF-α signaling , reducing RA inflammation. Substance P depletion , COX inhibition , and chemotaxis inhibition are unrelated. Arachidonic acid prevention (E) isn't its role. This targets a key RA cytokine.