Teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities include

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because radiation and substances of abuse are known teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities. Radiation exposure can lead to genetic mutations and developmental issues in the fetus. Substances of abuse like alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs can also negatively impact fetal development. A: Medical conditions and pesticides may have negative effects on pregnancy outcomes, but they are not typically classified as teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities. B: Prescription drugs can be teratogenic in some cases, but not all prescription drugs have harmful effects on fetal development. Chromosomes are not typically considered teratogenic causes. D: Disordered genes can lead to congenital abnormalities, but they are not classified as teratogenic causes. Medical conditions are not universally teratogenic.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Multiple gestations are at higher risk for complications such as premature labor, where contractions start before 37 weeks, leading to preterm birth. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome can occur in identical twins sharing a placenta, causing unequal blood flow. Preeclampsia, characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage, is more common in multiple pregnancies. Therefore, all choices A, B, and C are correct as they are common complications associated with multiple gestations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Postpartum hemorrhage can be caused by uterine atony, which is the failure of the uterus to contract after delivery; retained placenta, where parts of the placenta remain in the uterus; and vaginal trauma, such as tears or lacerations during delivery. Each of these factors can contribute to excessive bleeding after childbirth. Therefore, selecting all the choices is necessary to encompass the main causes of postpartum hemorrhage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prescribe anti-nausea medication. This is the most appropriate choice to manage hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness. Anti-nausea medication can help alleviate symptoms and prevent dehydration. Choice B (Recommend bed rest) may not directly address the nausea and vomiting associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. Choice C (Suggest a high-protein diet) and D (Advise on exercise) may not be effective in managing the condition or providing immediate relief from symptoms. Anti-nausea medication is the most evidence-based approach to support a woman with hyperemesis gravidarum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Untreated gestational hypertension can lead to serious complications such as preeclampsia, characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage, placental abruption which is the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, and preterm labor, resulting in premature birth. Each of these complications poses significant risks to both the mother and the baby, highlighting the importance of managing gestational hypertension. Therefore, all the choices A, B, and C are consequences of untreated gestational hypertension.