Systemic lupus erythematosus can be caused by

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its tissues. In this case, the correct answer is A) isoniazid. Isoniazid is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, but it has been linked to drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE), a condition similar to SLE but typically resolves once the medication is discontinued. Option B) sulfonamide is not a common cause of SLE, although some sulfa drugs have been associated with drug-induced lupus. Option C) hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic, is not known to cause SLE. Option D) allopurinol, used to treat gout, is not a common cause of SLE either. Educationally, understanding the potential triggers for autoimmune diseases like SLE is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatrics. It highlights the importance of monitoring patients for adverse drug reactions and considering alternative medications if drug-induced lupus is suspected. This knowledge can help prevent exacerbation of symptoms and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) budesonide nebulizer suspension. This is the only inhaler corticosteroid with FDA-approved labeling for children <4 years of age due to its safety and efficacy profile in this age group. Budesonide is commonly used in pediatric patients for its anti-inflammatory properties and minimal systemic absorption when delivered via a nebulizer, making it a preferred choice for young children who may have difficulty using other inhaler devices. Option A) beclomethasone HFA, option C) mometasone DPI, and option D) triamcinolone acetonide are not FDA-approved for use in children <4 years old. Beclomethasone is typically used in older children and adults, mometasone is indicated for children over 4 years old, and triamcinolone acetonide is not recommended for use in children under 6 years of age. In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to be aware of age-specific medication guidelines to ensure safe and effective care for young patients. Understanding the FDA-approved medications for different age groups helps nurses make informed decisions when administering treatments and advocating for the best interests of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the relationship between allergic rhinitis and reactive airways disease/asthma is crucial for providing effective care to children. The correct answer, option C) 50%, is supported by research and clinical evidence. Children with allergic rhinitis are at a higher risk of developing reactive airways disease/asthma due to the shared inflammatory processes in the airways. Approximately half of children with allergic rhinitis will go on to develop asthma, highlighting the strong association between the two conditions. Option A) 30% is incorrect because the prevalence of reactive airways disease/asthma in children with allergic rhinitis is higher than this percentage based on current data. Option B) 40% is also incorrect as it underestimates the likelihood of developing reactive airways disease/asthma in children with allergic rhinitis. Option D) 60% is too high and does not align with the most recent research findings on this topic. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to grasp the link between allergic rhinitis and reactive airways disease/asthma to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients. By understanding this connection, nurses can implement preventive measures, early interventions, and appropriate management strategies to improve outcomes for children with these conditions. This knowledge equips nurses to assess, educate, and support both patients and their families effectively in managing allergic rhinitis and reactive airways disease/asthma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the management of anaphylaxis, the mainstay of therapy is the early administration of intramuscular epinephrine. Epinephrine acts quickly to reverse the severe manifestations of anaphylaxis, such as bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability, by stimulating alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. This helps to improve blood pressure, relieve airway constriction, and reduce hives and swelling. Corticosteroids (Option A) are not considered first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. While they may be used to prevent a biphasic reaction or for their anti-inflammatory effects, they act too slowly to be the mainstay of therapy in an acute anaphylactic episode. Antihistamines (Option B) and H2-receptor antagonists (Option C) can help relieve itching and hives associated with mild allergic reactions, but they are not sufficient to manage the potentially life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis. They do not address the cardiovascular and respiratory effects that can rapidly progress in anaphylaxis. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients, to understand the importance of prompt recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis. Knowing that intramuscular epinephrine is the first-line therapy can help save lives in emergency situations. Training on how to administer epinephrine via auto-injectors should be a priority in pediatric nursing education to ensure timely and effective management of anaphylactic reactions in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatitis herpetiformis is a skin manifestation of celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion. In this case, the positive transglutaminase IgA antibodies indicate an immune response to gluten, which is characteristic of celiac disease. The symptoms of failure to thrive, irritability, bloating, and a symmetrical rash on the elbows and knees are classic presentations of dermatitis herpetiformis in children with celiac disease. Option B) Discoid eczema is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by coin-shaped patches of irritated skin, which is not associated with the gastrointestinal symptoms and positive antibodies seen in celiac disease. Option C) Henoch–Schönlein purpura is a systemic vasculitis that presents with palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain, and kidney involvement. It is not typically associated with failure to thrive and the specific rash pattern described. Option D) Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection characterized by honey-colored crusts or blisters, which is unrelated to the autoimmune response seen in celiac disease. Educationally, understanding the association between dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease is crucial for pediatric nurses as early recognition and diagnosis can lead to appropriate management and improved outcomes for children with celiac disease. Recognizing the specific symptoms and laboratory findings can guide healthcare providers in providing targeted interventions and dietary modifications to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications associated with celiac disease.