Symptoms of hyperkalemia include

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: Hyperkalemia affects muscle function and the heart, rather than cognitive or sensory functions, or bowel and urinary functions directly. Polyuria can sometimes be indirectly related due to underlying causes such as kidney dysfunction, but it is not a direct symptom of hyperkalemia itself. The symptoms listed are not typically associated with elevated potassium levels in the blood.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D (70%). The human body is composed of approximately 60-70% water in adults. Water is essential for various physiological functions, such as regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, and eliminating waste. The body's water content varies based on factors like age, gender, and body composition. Choice A (30%) is too low, as it would be insufficient for the body to function properly. Choice B (50%) is closer but still underestimates the actual water percentage. Choice C (60%) is a common misconception but falls within the lower range of the correct percentage. Therefore, choice D is the most accurate representation of the average adult's total body water content.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bradycardia. In hyperkalemia, there is increased potassium levels in the blood, leading to cardiac abnormalities. Bradycardia is not typically associated with hyperkalemia; instead, it may manifest as tachycardia or irregular heart rhythms. Hyperreflexia, muscle weakness, and tall peaked T-waves on ECG are common signs of hyperkalemia due to the effects of elevated potassium levels on nerve conduction and muscle function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Respiratory acidosis is caused by an increase in CO2 levels due to inadequate ventilation (A). Hypoventilation decreases the removal of CO2, leading to its accumulation and respiratory acidosis. Hyperventilation (B) reduces CO2 levels, causing respiratory alkalosis. Diarrhea (C) and excessive vomiting (D) result in metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate, not respiratory acidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypernatremia. A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates an elevated sodium concentration in the blood, which signifies hypernatremia. Hypernatremia occurs when there is an excess of sodium relative to water in the body, leading to dehydration and increased serum sodium levels. Hyponatremia (choice A) is characterized by low sodium levels, while choices C and D (Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia) refer to imbalances in potassium levels, not sodium. Hypernatremia is the appropriate diagnosis based on the given serum sodium level.