Superior mesenteric artery is …………to the neck of the pancreas and ………….to uncinate process

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the superior mesenteric artery is located posterior to the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process. This is anatomically accurate as the artery runs behind the neck of the pancreas and in front of the uncinate process. Choice A is incorrect as it places the artery inferior to the neck of the pancreas. Choice B is incorrect as it positions the artery in front of the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests the artery is above the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process, which is not accurate in anatomical terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas. Step 2: These cells secrete insulin to lower blood sugar levels and glucagon to raise blood sugar levels. Step 3: Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the function of the islets of Langerhans. Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as islets of Langerhans are not found in the adenohypophysis, do not secrete steroids, and do not secrete releasing hormones.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adrenal medulla is primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow. On the other hand, the regulation of sugar, salt, and sex hormones is mainly controlled by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, while choices A, B, and C are directly related to the adrenal medulla's function, choice D is least associated with it.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: hyperglycemia. Insulin deficiency leads to an inability to regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Hypocalcemia is low calcium levels, not caused by insulin deficiency. C: Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not related to insulin deficiency. D: Adrenal shock is a life-threatening condition due to insufficient adrenal gland function, not directly caused by insulin deficiency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance in the body. 2. Deficiency leads to decreased sodium reabsorption, causing low blood volume. 3. Low blood volume results in hypotension due to reduced blood flow to tissues. 4. Choices A and B are incorrect as aldosterone deficiency does not cause high blood pressure or low potassium levels. 5. Choice D is incorrect as goiter formation is mainly related to thyroid hormone imbalance, not aldosterone deficiency.