Sucking and biting shows the stage.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of family-centered care nursing, understanding the stages of child development is crucial for providing holistic care. The correct answer is B) Oral. Sucking and biting are behaviors associated with the oral stage of development according to Freud's psychosexual theory. During this stage, infants explore the world through their mouths, which is a natural part of their development. Option A) Anal is incorrect because it pertains to the stage where children focus on toilet training and control over bodily functions, not sucking and biting behaviors. Option C) Genital is incorrect as it refers to the stage where sexual desires become conscious and are directed towards others, not related to infantile behaviors like sucking and biting. Option D) Latency is also incorrect as it represents a period of relative calm between the phallic stage and the onset of puberty, where sexual impulses are suppressed. It is important for nurses to be familiar with these developmental stages to better understand and support the needs of children and families in their care, promoting a family-centered approach to nursing practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of family-centered care nursing, understanding child development, including the emergence of sex role consistent behavior, is crucial for providing holistic care. The correct answer is C) 3 years. At around this age, children typically start to demonstrate behaviors, preferences, and activities that align with societal gender norms and expectations. They may exhibit an interest in gender-specific toys, activities, and roles, influenced by socialization and environmental factors. Option A) 0-3 months is incorrect because infants at this age do not have the cognitive or social development to display sex role consistent behavior. Their behaviors are primarily driven by basic needs and reflexes. Option B) 5 years is incorrect as children at this age typically have a more established sense of gender identity and may already have been displaying sex role consistent behavior for a few years. By age 5, many children have already internalized societal gender norms to some extent. Option D) 18-24 months is incorrect because although toddlers at this age are starting to develop a sense of self and independence, they are usually still in the early stages of understanding gender roles and may not consistently exhibit sex role behaviors. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing and respecting children's emerging identities and behaviors within the family-centered care framework. Nurses need to be sensitive to these developmental milestones to provide culturally competent and supportive care to children and their families. Understanding when children typically begin to display sex role consistent behavior can help nurses promote healthy identity development and support families in nurturing their children's individuality.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of family-centered care nursing, understanding gender roles is crucial for providing comprehensive and culturally sensitive care to individuals and families. The correct answer, option A, "The rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of men and women," is the most appropriate because it encompasses the broad spectrum of societal norms and expectations placed on individuals based on their gender. Option B, "Gender schema," refers to the cognitive structures that shape an individual's understanding of gender, which is more of a psychological concept rather than directly related to gender roles in the context of family-centered care nursing. Option C, "The subordination of women based on the assumption of superiority of men," is a description of gender inequality and not a definition of gender roles. Option D, "Gender stereotypes," are oversimplified generalizations about the characteristics of men and women, which can be harmful but do not fully capture the complexity of gender roles. In the educational context of family-centered care nursing, understanding gender roles helps nurses recognize and respect diverse perspectives within families, tailoring care plans to meet the unique needs of each individual. By acknowledging and addressing gender roles, nurses can promote inclusivity, equity, and effective communication in their practice, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of Family Centered Care Nursing, understanding the founder of the classical school of criminology is important as it can influence how nurses approach patient care and support families in challenging situations. The correct answer is B) Cesare Beccaria. Beccaria is known for his work in the 18th century, particularly his book "On Crimes and Punishments," where he advocated for the reform of the justice system and the humane treatment of individuals involved in criminal activities. Beccaria emphasized the importance of proportionate punishment, deterrence, and the idea that punishment should fit the crime. In the context of nursing, this can be translated into promoting a fair and just approach in healthcare, advocating for patient rights, and ensuring that families are involved in decision-making processes related to patient care. The other options are incorrect because: A) Jeremy Bentham is associated with utilitarianism, a theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness and pleasure. C) Cesare Lombroso is known for his work on the theory of the "born criminal" and physical traits associated with criminal behavior. D) Edwin Sutherland is associated with differential association theory, which focuses on how individuals learn deviant behavior through social interactions. By understanding the historical foundations of criminology and different theories, nurses can develop a broader perspective on human behavior, ethics, and social justice issues that can inform their practice in providing holistic and family-centered care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of family-centered care nursing, understanding theories of personality development is crucial for providing holistic care to individuals and families. The correct answer to the question is D) Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes the role of social interactions and relationships in shaping an individual's personality across the lifespan. He proposed that individuals go through eight stages of psychosocial development, each marked by a specific conflict that must be resolved for healthy personality development. In family-centered care, this theory is particularly relevant as it highlights the importance of supportive family relationships in promoting overall well-being. Option A) Sigmund Freud is known for his psychoanalytic theory, which focuses more on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences rather than social interactions. While family dynamics play a role in Freud's theory, it is not the central focus of personality development. Option B) Carl Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology and person-centered therapy, which emphasizes self-actualization and personal growth through a supportive and empathetic therapeutic relationship. However, Rogers' theory does not specifically address personality development through social interactions as Erikson's theory does. Option C) Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which outlines the progression of human motivation from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. While Maslow's theory is relevant in understanding individual needs, it does not directly address personality development through social interaction as Erikson's theory does. In an educational context, understanding Erikson's psychosocial theory can help nurses in family-centered care settings appreciate the impact of family relationships on an individual's development and well-being. By recognizing the significance of social interactions in shaping personality, nurses can better support families in promoting positive psychosocial outcomes for their loved ones.