Stimulant drugs are useful for hyperactivity and inattention associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Of the following, the BEST response of these drugs is seen with

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Asperger syndrome. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, are commonly used to treat symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention in individuals with ASDs. Asperger syndrome is a form of ASD where individuals often exhibit symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity similar to those seen in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, stimulant drugs are more likely to be effective in managing these specific symptoms in individuals with Asperger syndrome. Option A) autism is not the best response because autism itself is a spectrum disorder with a wide range of symptoms and presentations, and stimulant drugs may not always be the most effective treatment for all individuals with autism. Option C) childhood disintegrative disorder is a rare condition characterized by a loss of previously acquired skills, including language and social abilities, and stimulant drugs are not typically indicated for the core symptoms of this disorder. Option D) Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder primarily affecting girls and is characterized by a regression of motor and communication skills, as well as the presence of repetitive hand movements. Stimulant drugs are not considered appropriate for managing the symptoms of Rett syndrome. In an educational context, understanding the specific characteristics of different ASDs and the appropriate pharmacological interventions is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. This knowledge helps in individualizing treatment plans to address the unique needs of each child with an ASD, ensuring optimal outcomes and quality of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing practice, understanding how psychosocial problems manifest is crucial for providing holistic care to children. The correct answer is D) performance. Psychosocial problems can impact a child's overall performance in various areas of life, such as academic performance, social interactions, and activities of daily living. By addressing these performance-related issues, nurses can help children cope better and improve their overall well-being. Option A) feelings may seem like a plausible choice as psychosocial problems can indeed affect a child's emotions. However, the question specifically asks about manifestations, and feelings alone may not always be outwardly visible or measurable. Option B) body function is more related to physiological problems rather than psychosocial issues. While psychosocial factors can influence physical health, the direct impact on body functions is less common compared to effects on performance. Option C) behavior is closely linked to psychosocial problems, but focusing solely on behavior may overlook other important manifestations like cognitive difficulties or emotional disturbances that also impact a child's performance. Educationally, this question helps reinforce the importance of recognizing the diverse ways psychosocial problems can present in pediatric patients. By understanding these manifestations, nurses can intervene appropriately to support children's holistic well-being and development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) small triangular chin. In pediatric patients, risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) often involve anatomical features that can contribute to airway obstruction during sleep. A small triangular chin is not a typical risk factor for OSAS. Retroposition of the mandible (A) can lead to airway narrowing or collapse during sleep, contributing to OSAS. A long oval face (C) may be associated with craniofacial abnormalities that can predispose a child to OSAS. A long or soft palate (D) can also contribute to airway obstruction, as a large or floppy palate can block the airway during sleep. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for OSAS in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric nursing. By recognizing these risk factors, nurses can screen and identify children who may be at risk for OSAS, allowing for early intervention and treatment to prevent complications associated with untreated sleep-disordered breathing in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the impact of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on children's health is crucial. The correct answer is A) middle ear effusions. Children exposed to second-hand smoke are at a higher risk of developing middle ear effusions due to the irritation and inflammation caused by the toxins in the smoke. This can lead to recurrent ear infections and hearing issues in children. Option B) bacterial respiratory illnesses is incorrect because while second-hand smoke can increase the risk of respiratory infections, it specifically affects the upper respiratory tract more than the lower respiratory tract, which is commonly associated with bacterial infections. Option C) otitis externa is incorrect because this condition is usually caused by water exposure or trauma to the ear canal, not directly linked to second-hand smoke exposure. Option D) sinusitis is incorrect as well because second-hand smoke is not a direct cause of sinusitis. Sinusitis is more commonly associated with viral or bacterial infections and allergies. Educationally, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be aware of the detrimental effects of second-hand smoke on children's health to provide preventive education to families and promote a smoke-free environment for children. By understanding these associations, nurses can advocate for smoking cessation interventions and support families in creating a healthy and safe environment for children to thrive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) phosgene. Phosgene is a highly toxic gas that can cause delayed onset of respiratory symptoms after exposure. This delayed onset is due to the fact that phosgene damages the lining of the respiratory tract, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs, which can manifest hours after exposure. Option A) chlorine is incorrect because exposure to chlorine gas typically results in immediate respiratory symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Option C) cyanide is incorrect as it causes rapid onset of symptoms like confusion, headache, and seizures rather than delayed respiratory symptoms. Option D) anthrax is incorrect as it is a bacterial infection that does not cause respiratory symptoms upon exposure to the bacteria. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristic symptoms of different toxic exposures is crucial for timely and accurate assessment and intervention in pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific onset patterns of symptoms can guide healthcare providers in providing appropriate care and treatment to children who have been exposed to toxic substances. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses working in emergency departments, pediatric clinics, or any setting where pediatric patients may present with toxic exposures.