State whether each of the following statement is true (T) or false (F): I. Epilepsy has a genetic predisposition and can be inherited II. Old age is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): I. Epilepsy can have a genetic predisposition, as certain genetic factors can increase the likelihood of developing epilepsy, making statement I true (T). II. Old age is indeed a risk factor for Parkinson's disease, as the incidence of the disease increases with age, making statement II true (T). Therefore, the correct answer is A (TT). Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: FT - This choice is incorrect because both statements I and II are true. C: TF - This choice is incorrect because statement I is true (T) and statement II is also true (T). D: FF - This choice is incorrect because both statements I and II are true.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Conducting the Time Out is typically part of the surgical safety checklist during the actual surgery, not the preoperative checklist. 2. Assessing for allergies is important to prevent adverse reactions during surgery. 3. Ensuring informed consent is signed is crucial for legal and ethical reasons. 4. Ensuring history and physical examination are completed helps in assessing the patient's health status before surgery. Therefore, choice B is not typically part of the preoperative checklist, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it is incorrect to state that the nurse is responsible for obtaining the consent for surgery. Informed consent for surgery is typically obtained by the physician performing the procedure, not the nurse. Nurses can assist in the process by providing information and clarifying details, but ultimately it is the physician's responsibility to ensure the patient understands the procedure and consents to it. Choice B is correct as minors under 18 years of age generally require a parent or legal guardian to sign a consent form on their behalf. Choice C is correct as nurses can witness the client signing the consent form as a part of the process. Choice D is also correct as it is indeed the nurse's responsibility to ensure the patient has been educated by the physician before obtaining informed consent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: William Morton. He was a dentist who demonstrated the use of ether as an anesthetic in 1846. Morton's successful use of ether during a surgical procedure paved the way for the widespread adoption of anesthesia in medicine. Robert Koch is known for his work in microbiology, not anesthesia. Joseph Lister is known for pioneering antiseptic surgical techniques. Sushruta was an ancient Indian physician known for his contributions to surgery, but he did not discover anesthesia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it correctly matches the terms with their definitions. Topical anesthesia is indeed applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, matching with statement C. Epidural anesthesia involves injecting the anesthesia into the epidural space of the spinal cord, aligning with statement D. The other choices incorrectly match the terms with definitions that do not correspond to the actual procedures. Choice B incorrectly states that epidural anesthesia is introduced in the subarachnoid space at the lumbar area L4 and L5, which is not accurate. Choice C incorrectly states that topical anesthesia is applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, which is inaccurate. Choice D incorrectly states that topical anesthesia is applied directly to the skin and that epidural anesthesia is introduced in the subarachnoid space, both of which are incorrect.