Stamped trial' is associated with

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: STAMPEDE' trial (Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate cancer) tests treatments (e.g., ADT + docetaxel) prostate-specific. Renal cell trials (e.g., CheckMate) focus immunotherapy distinct. Bladder cancer uses other protocols (e.g., BCG) unrelated. Prostate focus distinguishes STAMPEDE, key to its landmark status, unlike renal or bladder studies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gemcitabine least causes cystitis better tolerated intravesically, less irritative than anthracyclines or alkylators. Doxorubicin, mitomycin, and epirubicin (similar class) frequently irritate bladder chemical cystitis common. Gemcitabine's milder profile distinguishes it, critical for patient comfort in NMIBC, unlike irritative agents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) is the top cause of obstructive uropathy enlarged prostate blocks bladder outflow, common in aging men. Posterior urethral valve is pediatric congenital. Neurogenic bladder disrupts control less obstructive. Urethral stricture narrows less frequent. BPH's prevalence distinguishes it, key to adult obstruction, unlike child, neuro, or stricture causes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Serum ACTH isn't a screening test for Cushing's differentiates cause (pituitary vs. adrenal) post-diagnosis. Late-night salivary cortisol, low-dose dexamethasone suppression, and dexamethasone-CRH screen hypercortisolism detect excess. ACTH's diagnostic role distinguishes it, key to etiology, not initial screening, unlike cortisol-based tests.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Grade III varicocele alone isn't a surgical indication size doesn't mandate unless symptomatic (e.g., atrophy). Left atrophy (volume loss), bilateral atrophy, and abnormal semen (fertility risk) justify repair functional impact. Grade III's lack of standalone need distinguishes it, critical for evidence-based intervention, unlike atrophy or semen-based triggers.