Stage 1 hypertension in children is defined as:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric practice, diagnosing and managing hypertension is crucial for early intervention and long-term health outcomes. Stage 1 hypertension in children is defined as average SBP or DBP levels between the 95th and 99th percentiles for age, sex, and height on at least three separate occasions. Option A is incorrect because having average levels below the 90th percentile would not meet the criteria for stage 1 hypertension. Option B is also wrong as having levels above the 99th percentile would indicate severe hypertension, not stage 1. Option C, BP > 120/80, is a general reference point for adult hypertension and does not align with pediatric guidelines. Understanding these definitions is vital for pediatric nurses to accurately identify and manage hypertension in children. By recognizing the correct range for stage 1 hypertension, nurses can initiate appropriate interventions, educate families on lifestyle modifications, and collaborate with healthcare providers for further evaluation and treatment. This knowledge ensures comprehensive care and optimal outcomes for pediatric patients at risk for hypertension-related complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, it is crucial to differentiate between signs of active rheumatic fever to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The correct answer, option C, "Persistent joint symptoms," is not typically associated with active rheumatic fever. Option A, "New significant murmur of mitral or aortic valvulitis," is a common sign of active rheumatic fever due to valvular damage. Option B, "High CRP," is also indicative of inflammation, which is often elevated in active rheumatic fever. Option D, "High anti-streptolysin O titer," is a marker of recent streptococcal infection, which can lead to rheumatic fever. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever is essential for pediatric nurses to provide quality care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms helps in early detection, prompt intervention, and preventing complications. By grasping the nuances between different signs, nurses can contribute to improved patient outcomes and overall healthcare quality in pediatric settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and rheumatic fever, understanding the features of polyarthritis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The correct answer is option B: Equally affect large and small joints. In acute rheumatic fever, polyarthritis typically affects larger joints such as the knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists, rather than equally affecting large and small joints. Option A, polyarticular and migratory, is correct as polyarthritis in acute rheumatic fever presents with inflammation in multiple joints that shift from one joint to another over a short period of time. Option C is incorrect as the commonest major manifestation in children with the initial attack of acute rheumatic fever is carditis, not polyarthritis. Option D is incorrect because polyarthritis in acute rheumatic fever is not always associated with positive serological evidence of recent streptococcal infection. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical features of acute rheumatic fever, particularly polyarthritis, in pediatric patients. Nurses need to be familiar with the typical joint involvement patterns to differentiate acute rheumatic fever from other conditions and provide appropriate care. Understanding these distinctions can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with rheumatic fever.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system. Recurrent wheezing, abnormal stool (often greasy and bulky due to malabsorption), and marked failure to thrive are classic symptoms of cystic fibrosis in pediatric patients. Option A) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a lung condition primarily seen in premature infants who have received prolonged oxygen therapy. While wheezing may be present, abnormal stool and failure to thrive are not typical features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Option C) Chronic persistent asthma can present with recurrent wheezing, but abnormal stool and marked failure to thrive are not characteristic of asthma. Asthma typically does not cause significant issues with growth and weight gain as seen in cystic fibrosis. Option D) Missed foreign body aspiration would present with acute respiratory symptoms rather than the chronic, recurrent nature of the symptoms described in the question. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the constellation of symptoms that point towards specific pediatric conditions. Understanding the key clinical features of common pediatric disorders like cystic fibrosis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide timely and appropriate care to their patients. Recognizing these symptoms early can lead to prompt diagnosis and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of a newborn with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), the most significant risk is the development of persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN). Meconium aspiration can lead to airway obstruction, inflammation, and vasoconstriction in the lungs, resulting in PPHN, a serious condition where the pulmonary vascular resistance remains high after birth. Option B, neonatal sepsis, is less likely in the context of MAS unless there is a secondary infection. Option C, congenital pneumonia, is a possibility but not as commonly associated with MAS as PPHN. Option D, surfactant deficiency, is not directly related to MAS but rather to conditions like respiratory distress syndrome. Educationally, understanding the complications of MAS is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide timely and appropriate care. Recognizing the risk of PPHN in these cases can help nurses intervene promptly and prevent further complications in newborns with MAS. This knowledge ensures optimal outcomes for these vulnerable patients.