Stage 1 hypertension in children is defined as:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric care, understanding blood pressure values is crucial to identifying and managing hypertension in children. Stage 1 hypertension in children is defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure levels between the 95th and 99th percentile for age, sex, and height. Option A states that Stage 1 hypertension is when blood pressure levels are below the 90th percentile, which is incorrect as it describes normal blood pressure values. Option B suggests that hypertension is when blood pressure levels surpass the 99th percentile, which actually corresponds to Stage 2 hypertension. Option C sets a specific value of >120/80 for hypertension, which is overly simplistic and does not account for the percentile-based classification in pediatric patients. The correct answer, Option D, correctly identifies the range of blood pressure values that fall within the criteria for Stage 1 hypertension in children. This understanding is essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess, diagnose, and manage hypertension in their young patients. By knowing the correct blood pressure ranges for each stage of hypertension, nurses can intervene early, provide appropriate education to families, and collaborate with healthcare providers to ensure optimal outcomes for children with high blood pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the signs of active rheumatic fever is crucial for early detection and appropriate management. The correct answer is option C) Persistent joint symptoms, as this is NOT a sign of active rheumatic fever. Persistent joint symptoms are more indicative of conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis rather than rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever typically presents with acute joint pain and inflammation, but these symptoms are usually migratory and not persistent. Option A) New significant murmur of mitral or aortic valvulitis is a classic sign of rheumatic fever due to valvular involvement. Option B) High CRP is also commonly seen in rheumatic fever as it is an inflammatory marker. Option D) High anti-streptolysin O titer is indicative of recent streptococcal infection, which can lead to rheumatic fever. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate between the signs and symptoms of various pediatric conditions to provide timely and effective care to their patients. Understanding the key indicators of rheumatic fever can help nurses in assessing and managing patients with this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the features of acute rheumatic fever, including polyarthritis, is crucial for providing quality care to children. In this question, option B is the correct answer because acute rheumatic fever typically affects large joints such as the knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists more than small joints like those in the hands and feet. Option A is incorrect because polyarthritis in acute rheumatic fever is indeed polyarticular and migratory, involving multiple joints that move from one joint to another. Option C is incorrect because the commonest major manifestation in children with the initial attack of acute rheumatic fever is actually carditis, affecting the heart. Lastly, option D is incorrect because acute rheumatic fever can occur without serological evidence of recent streptococcal infection, known as seronegative acute rheumatic fever. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical features of acute rheumatic fever, particularly polyarthritis, in pediatric patients. By understanding these features, nurses can promptly identify and manage acute rheumatic fever, preventing potential complications such as rheumatic heart disease. It underscores the significance of evidence-based practice and clinical knowledge in pediatric nursing to deliver optimal care to children with rheumatic conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. In this case, the combination of recurrent wheezing (respiratory symptom), abnormal stool (digestive symptom), and marked failure to thrive (nutritional symptom) are classic signs of cystic fibrosis in pediatric patients. Option A) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a lung condition that primarily affects premature infants who have been on mechanical ventilation. This condition does not typically present with the combination of symptoms described in the question. Option C) Chronic persistent asthma is a common respiratory condition in children characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing and breathing difficulties. However, it does not usually cause abnormal stool or failure to thrive. Option D) Missed foreign body aspiration may present with respiratory symptoms such as wheezing but would not explain the presence of abnormal stool and failure to thrive. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms of pediatric conditions like cystic fibrosis is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. Recognizing these clinical manifestations early can lead to prompt diagnosis and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It is important for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate between various conditions based on presenting symptoms to provide appropriate care and support to their patients and families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Persistent pulmonary hypertension. When a newborn has meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), which occurs when a baby inhales meconium-stained amniotic fluid into the lungs before or around the time of birth, they are at risk for developing persistent pulmonary hypertension. This is due to the meconium causing inflammation, airway obstruction, and surfactant inactivation in the lungs, leading to pulmonary hypertension. Option B) Neonatal sepsis is incorrect because although MAS can predispose a newborn to infections due to lung inflammation, it is not the most common complication associated with MAS. Option C) Congenital pneumonia is incorrect as meconium aspiration syndrome and pneumonia are two distinct conditions, with MAS involving meconium inhalation rather than a bacterial infection in the lungs. Option D) Surfactant deficiency is incorrect because while MAS can lead to surfactant dysfunction due to meconium inactivation, persistent pulmonary hypertension is a more direct and severe consequence of MAS. In an educational context, understanding the potential complications of MAS is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care to newborns at risk. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants with MAS is essential for early intervention and management to improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.