Spread of hepatitis C occurs by:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the modes of transmission of hepatitis C is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer is A) Drug abuse. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through the sharing of contaminated needles and syringes, making drug abuse a significant risk factor for contracting the virus. This mode of transmission is particularly relevant in pediatric patients who may be exposed to these behaviors indirectly or directly in certain settings. Option B) Seafood consumption is incorrect because hepatitis C is not spread through the ingestion of contaminated seafood. It is primarily a bloodborne virus. Option C) Recombinant factor VIII therapy is incorrect as this treatment is associated with hemophilia, not hepatitis C transmission. Option D) Faeco-oral spread is also incorrect as hepatitis C is not typically transmitted through fecal-oral route; it is primarily bloodborne. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific modes of transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis C, especially in vulnerable populations like pediatric patients. It highlights the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in identifying risk factors and educating patients and families on prevention strategies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In febrile convulsions, the correct answer is C) Shigella dysentery may be a cause. Febrile convulsions commonly occur in young children during episodes of high fever, and infectious causes like Shigella dysentery can trigger these convulsions. Understanding the infectious etiology is crucial in managing febrile convulsions in pediatric patients. Option A) Familial predisposition is the same as in idiopathic epilepsy is incorrect because febrile convulsions are not necessarily linked to a family history of epilepsy. Febrile convulsions are typically not associated with a predisposition to epilepsy. Option B) Carbamazepine achieves good seizure control is incorrect because carbamazepine is not typically used in the management of febrile convulsions. Treatment for febrile convulsions focuses on managing the underlying cause, such as fever reduction, rather than using antiepileptic medications like carbamazepine. Option D) Deafness can occur if seizure is prolonged is incorrect because although prolonged seizures can lead to complications such as brain damage, deafness is not a common outcome associated with febrile convulsions. Educationally, understanding the different causes and management strategies for febrile convulsions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses caring for children with these conditions. Recognizing the infectious etiologies like Shigella dysentery can guide appropriate treatment and interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the features of severe hemophilia A is crucial for providing safe and effective care to patients. The correct answer, "D) Increased APTT," is indicative of severe hemophilia A. This is because hemophilia A is characterized by a deficiency in factor VIII, leading to prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) due to impaired intrinsic coagulation pathway. Option A, "Retroperitoneal bleed," is not a typical feature of severe hemophilia A. While bleeding can occur in various sites, retroperitoneal bleeding is not specific to hemophilia A. Option B, "Chronic arthropathy," is a common complication of hemophilia due to repeated joint bleeds, but it is not a defining feature of severe hemophilia A. Option C, "Prolonged bleeding time," is not characteristic of hemophilia A. Bleeding time is usually normal in hemophilia A, as it primarily affects the clotting factors, not platelet function. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients with hemophilia A. Recognizing the specific features of severe hemophilia A helps in early identification, appropriate management, and prevention of complications associated with this genetic disorder.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. The other options are incorrect because renin is not mainly secreted in extrarenal tissues its secretion does not increase on lying supine or with potassium and it does not regulate osmolality.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the role of mitochondrial DNA is crucial. The correct answer is B) Is responsible for some forms of myopathies. Mitochondrial DNA is unique as it has its own genome separate from the nuclear DNA. This genetic material is responsible for encoding essential proteins involved in energy production within the mitochondria. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can lead to various disorders, including myopathies, which affect muscle function. Option A) Has its own genome is partially correct but does not directly address the specific role of mitochondrial DNA in myopathies. Option C) Can transmit diseases from parents to children is also true as mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally and mutations can be passed on to offspring, but it does not specifically highlight its association with myopathies. Option D) Is present in neurons is incorrect as mitochondrial DNA is present in almost all cells of the body, not just neurons. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the unique characteristics and functions of mitochondrial DNA in the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders. Nurses caring for pediatric patients with mitochondrial myopathies need to be aware of the genetic implications and how they can impact a child's health and development. This knowledge informs their assessment, care planning, and education for both the child and their family.