Spironolactone can be usefully combined with the following diuretics except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amiloride. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by inhibiting aldosterone. Combining it with another potassium-sparing diuretic like Amiloride can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. On the other hand, combining Spironolactone with loop diuretics like Furosemide or thiazide diuretics like Chlorthalidone or Hydrochlorothiazide can provide synergistic effects by targeting different parts of the nephron to enhance diuresis without significantly increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. So, combining Spironolactone with Amiloride is not recommended to avoid hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intravenous fluids. Acute renal failure due to decreased blood volume requires fluid resuscitation to improve renal perfusion and function. This restores circulating volume and improves renal blood flow, helping to prevent further kidney damage. Inotropic agents (B) are used to improve heart function, erythropoietin (C) stimulates red blood cell production, and diuretics (D) increase urine output but can further decrease blood volume in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because for uncomplicated cystitis, guidelines recommend a 10 to 14-day course of ciprofloxacin to ensure bacterial eradication and prevent recurrence. A 3-day course may lead to treatment failure and the development of antibiotic resistance. Choice B is incorrect as a 3-day course is inadequate. Choice C is incorrect as patient adherence doesn't justify a shorter course. Choice D is irrelevant as it pertains to nosocomial infections, not outpatient cystitis treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute Pain. The priority nursing diagnosis for a patient passing stones into the lower urinary tract is acute pain because the patient is likely experiencing severe discomfort due to the passage of stones. Managing pain is crucial for the patient's comfort and well-being. Choice B: Risk for Infection is not the priority at this time because the immediate concern is addressing the patient's acute pain. Choice C: Risk for Injury is not the priority as the patient is not at immediate risk of injury related to passing stones. Choice D: Fear of Recurrent Stones is not the priority as the patient's current focus should be on managing the acute pain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because palpating an empty bladder at the level of the symphysis pubis is a standard step in assessing the urinary system. This helps determine the size, shape, and tenderness of the bladder. Auscultating for fluid sounds in the lower abdominal quadrants (choice A) is incorrect as this is done to assess bowel sounds, not the urinary system. Percussing the kidney (choice C) is not a common practice as it may cause harm. Positioning the patient prone to palpate the kidneys (choice D) is incorrect as the kidneys are typically palpated with a posterior approach while the patient is in a supine or side-lying position.