Specific receptor defects occur in:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding specific receptor defects is crucial for providing safe and effective care to patients. In this question, the correct answer is B) Myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affects neuromuscular transmission by targeting acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This results in muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly in the skeletal muscles. Guillain-Barre syndrome (A) is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system involving demyelination of nerves, not specific receptor defects. Graves' disease (C) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland through the production of autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid receptors, not specific receptor defects. Ulcerative colitis (D) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that does not involve specific receptor defects. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of different diseases and their specific manifestations is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients with complex conditions. By knowing the specific receptor defects in conditions like Myasthenia gravis, nurses can anticipate potential complications, provide appropriate interventions, and educate patients and families effectively. This knowledge enhances nursing practice and improves patient outcomes in pediatric cardiovascular care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) They can be used for all children including those with Down's syndrome. The new Child Health Foundation growth charts are designed to be inclusive and applicable to all children, regardless of any specific conditions or syndromes they may have. This ensures that healthcare providers have a standardized tool to monitor growth and development in all pediatric populations. Option A is incorrect because immediate referral based solely on a child's height falling on the second centile is not a standard practice. Height alone is not always indicative of a serious issue requiring immediate referral. Option B is incorrect because the midparental height calculation is inaccurate. The midparental height is usually calculated by adding the heights of both parents and then adding 13 cm for boys or subtracting 13 cm for girls, divided by 2. Option D is incorrect because the target centile range for a girl is typically midparental height ± 8 cm, not ± 10 cm as stated in the option. Educationally, understanding growth charts and their application in pediatric care is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. It helps in monitoring growth patterns, identifying potential issues early, and providing appropriate interventions to support optimal growth and development in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding dermatological manifestations like cafe-au-lait spots is crucial. The correct answer, A) They can be normal findings, is right because cafe-au-lait spots are common in children and can be a part of normal variations in skin pigmentation. This option aligns with the benign nature of cafe-au-lait spots in most cases. Option B) They are found in tuberous sclerosis is incorrect because cafe-au-lait spots are not typically associated with tuberous sclerosis. Option C) When present in a child, > 4 spots each > 0.5 cm, is diagnostic of neurofibromatosis type II is incorrect as it describes the diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type I, not type II. Option D) Typical appearance in neurofibromatosis is of a smooth border is incorrect as cafe-au-lait spots in neurofibromatosis typically have irregular borders. Educationally, understanding the various skin manifestations in pediatric patients is vital for nurses to recognize potential underlying conditions. This question emphasizes the importance of differentiating between benign cafe-au-lait spots and those associated with genetic syndromes, enhancing nurses' diagnostic skills in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding respiratory conditions like croup is crucial. The correct answer is B) Is commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses. Croup is typically caused by viral infections, with parainfluenza viruses being the most common culprits. This knowledge is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. Option A) Is a disease - While technically correct, this option is too broad and lacks specificity. It does not provide the necessary information related to the etiology of croup, which is key in pediatric nursing practice. Option C) Most cases are managed with nebulised adrenaline - This statement is incorrect. While nebulized adrenaline may be used in severe cases of croup to alleviate airway obstruction, it is not the primary management strategy for most cases. Supportive care, such as humidified air and corticosteroids, is typically the first-line treatment. Option D) Inhaled steroids are reported to be of benefit - While inhaled steroids may be utilized in some cases of croup to reduce airway inflammation, it is not a universally recommended treatment. The primary focus in managing croup is on addressing airway swelling and obstruction, which may not always require the use of inhaled steroids. Educational Context: Understanding the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of respiratory conditions like croup is essential for pediatric cardiovascular nurses. By knowing that croup is commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses, nurses can better assess and provide appropriate care for pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of this condition. It highlights the importance of evidence-based practice and the need for targeted interventions based on the specific etiology of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing, routine hearing tests in the community are usually based on distraction testing, which is the correct answer (A). Distraction testing involves using sound and visual stimuli to observe the infant's response to auditory stimuli. This method is particularly effective in young children as it capitalizes on their natural reflexes and responses to sounds and movements. Auditory brainstem responses (B) and evoked potentials (C) are diagnostic tests used in audiology to assess the auditory nerve and brain's response to sound stimuli. These tests are more specialized and not typically used in routine community-based screenings for hearing in infants and young children. Object discrimination (D) refers to a cognitive ability rather than a method for hearing testing. It involves the child's ability to differentiate between different objects based on sensory input, which is not directly related to hearing assessment. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind choosing distraction testing for routine hearing assessments in young children is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows nurses to appreciate the developmental stage of the child and the most appropriate method to assess their hearing abilities effectively. By knowing the limitations of other testing methods, nurses can make informed decisions when caring for pediatric patients with potential hearing concerns.