Some lifetime habits and hobbies affect postoperative respiratory function. If your client smokes 3 packs of cigarettes a day for the past 10 years, you will anticipate increased risk for:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: postoperative respiratory function. Smoking 3 packs of cigarettes a day for 10 years can lead to respiratory issues such as decreased lung function, increased risk of respiratory infections, and impaired wound healing due to reduced oxygen levels in the blood. This will negatively impact postoperative respiratory function, making it harder for the client to recover and potentially leading to complications like pneumonia. A: Perioperative anxiety and stress are not directly related to smoking habits but can be influenced by various factors such as fear of surgery or anesthesia. B: Delayed coagulation time is more related to factors like medication use or underlying medical conditions affecting blood clotting, not smoking habit. C: Delayed wound healing can be affected by smoking due to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery, but it is not the primary concern in this scenario compared to postoperative respiratory function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. In the operating room (OR), the team typically consists of the surgeon, assistants, scrub nurse, circulating nurse, and anesthesiologist. 1. Surgeon: Leads the surgical team and performs the procedure. 2. Assistants: Assist the surgeon during the procedure. 3. Scrub nurse: Provides sterile instruments and supplies to the surgical team. 4. Circulating nurse: Manages the overall OR environment, including infection control. 5. Anesthesiologist: Administers anesthesia and monitors the patient's vital signs. Other choices are incorrect: A: Includes a radiologist and an orderly, who are not typically part of the surgical team in the OR. C: Includes a pathologist, who is not usually present during surgery. D: Includes an intern, who may not have a defined role in the surgical team.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Representativeness. This is because a sample must accurately reflect the characteristics of the population it represents to ensure the generalizability of the findings. Randomization (choice A) helps reduce bias, appropriate location (choice B) is irrelevant, and appropriate number (choice C) is important but not as crucial as representativeness for ensuring the validity of the sample.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Monitor vital signs every 2 hours. This is important in assessing the client's condition post-gastrointestinal bleeding, as vital signs can indicate changes in the client's health status. Monitoring every 2 hours allows for timely detection of any complications or deterioration. A: Planning for 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep is important, but monitoring vital signs takes precedence in this situation. C: Ensuring the client takes food and medications as prescribed is important for recovery, but monitoring vital signs is more immediate for detecting complications. D: Providing milk every 2-3 hours is not indicated post-gastrointestinal bleeding and could potentially worsen the client's condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decreased vital capacity. As individuals age, their vital capacity decreases due to a combination of factors such as reduced lung elasticity, weaker respiratory muscles, and decreased lung compliance. This results in a reduced ability to take deep breaths and expel air efficiently. Shallow respirations in the absence of distress indicate a normal physiological change in this elderly client. A: Increased elastic recoil of the lungs is incorrect as aging leads to decreased lung elasticity. B: Increased number of functional capillaries in the alveoli is incorrect as capillary density in the lungs tends to decrease with age. C: Decreased residual volume is incorrect as residual volume typically increases with age due to reduced lung elasticity.