smoking is one of the cause of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: emphysema. Smoking is a leading cause of emphysema due to the damage it causes to the air sacs in the lungs. This damage leads to decreased lung function, shortness of breath, and other respiratory problems. Hypoxia (choice A) is a condition of low oxygen levels in tissues, not directly caused by smoking. Cancer (choice B) is also linked to smoking, but emphysema is specifically associated with lung damage. Macrosis (choice D) is not a recognized medical condition related to smoking or any other factor.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase leads to decreased bicarbonate levels, causing metabolic alkalosis. Without adequate bicarbonate, the body accumulates excess base, resulting in alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis (A) is incorrect because inhibition of carbonic anhydrase would lead to excess base, not acid. Respiratory acidosis (B) and respiratory alkalosis (D) are incorrect as they are caused by respiratory, not metabolic, disturbances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates understanding of monitoring for fluid retention, a common issue in heart failure. Calling the clinic if weight increases by 3 pounds in a week allows for early intervention. Choice B is incorrect because taking furosemide at bedtime may disrupt sleep and increase nighttime urination. Choice C is incorrect as nitroglycerin is for acute chest pain, not a preventative measure. Choice D is incorrect because weighing weekly may not catch sudden weight changes that indicate worsening heart failure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bohr's method measures physiological dead space, not anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space is constant and not affected by N2 concentration. A: Anatomical dead space does vary with age due to changes in lung dimensions. B: Fowlers method estimates anatomical dead space by measuring tidal volume and respiratory rate. C: Anatomical dead space is not significantly large in shallow breathing as it mainly involves the conducting airways, not the alveoli.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoventilation. At high altitudes, the body adapts to the decreased oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production (polycythaemia) to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. This is supported by the shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues. Additionally, increased capillaries in peripheral tissues improve oxygen delivery. However, hypoventilation, or decreased breathing rate, is not a typical response to high altitudes. In fact, the body usually compensates by increasing ventilation to maintain adequate oxygen levels.