Slow IV injection of therapeutic dose of aminophylline produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Aminophylline, a methylxanthine, bronchodilates (choice D), acts as a diuretic (choice B), and stimulates respiration (choice C) via phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine antagonism. It increases cardiac output, not decreases it (choice A), by enhancing contractility and heart rate. This exception reflects its cardiovascular stimulation, key in asthma therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Diclofenac (choice A) concentrates in synovial fluid, enhancing its efficacy in joint inflammation (e.g., arthritis). Aspirin (choice B) and Acetaminophen (choice D) don't target synovial fluid significantly. Codeine (choice C), an opioid, lacks anti-inflammatory action. Diclofenac's pharmacokinetics suit musculoskeletal conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Ethosuximide. Ethosuximide is the drug of choice in the treatment of absence seizures because it specifically targets the thalamic T-type calcium channels, which are believed to play a crucial role in the generation of these types of seizures. By blocking these channels, ethosuximide helps to reduce the abnormal electrical activity in the brain associated with absence seizures. Option B) Fenoldopam is a dopamine receptor agonist primarily used as an antihypertensive agent and is not indicated for the treatment of absence seizures. Option C) Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma and altitude sickness. It is not a first-line treatment for absence seizures. Option D) Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug that is more commonly used in the treatment of focal seizures and trigeminal neuralgia, but it is not considered a first-line treatment for absence seizures. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate pharmacological treatment for different types of seizures is crucial for nursing practice, especially for those working in neurology or pediatric settings. Knowing the mechanisms of action and specific indications for each drug helps nurses provide safe and effective care to patients with seizure disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of central nervous system stimulants and related drugs, the correct answer to the question is D) Rheumatoid arthritis. Gold compounds, such as auranofin and aurothioglucose, have been historically used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis due to their anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying properties. These compounds are believed to help reduce joint inflammation and slow down the progression of the disease. Option A) Hypertension is incorrect because gold compounds are not indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or diuretics are typically used for managing high blood pressure. Option B) Peptic ulcers is also incorrect as gold compounds are not used in the treatment of this condition. Peptic ulcers are usually managed with medications like proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, antibiotics (in the case of H. pylori infection), and lifestyle modifications. Option C) Kidney failure is not treated with gold compounds. The management of kidney failure involves addressing the underlying cause, dialysis (if necessary), dietary changes, and medications to control symptoms and complications. Educationally, understanding the specific uses of different medications is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when treating patients. Knowing the appropriate indications for medications like gold compounds can help prevent medication errors and optimize patient outcomes. It is important for nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers to stay updated on drug information to provide safe and effective care to patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders, seizures, and as a sedative for various medical procedures. The correct answer, D) All of the above, is the right choice because lorazepam exhibits all these actions. Explanation: A) Sedation: Lorazepam has sedative properties that can induce relaxation and sleepiness in patients. B) Anticonvulsant action: Lorazepam is also used as an anticonvulsant to help control seizures by reducing abnormal electrical activity in the brain. C) Reduction of anxiety: One of the primary uses of lorazepam is to alleviate symptoms of anxiety by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. Educational context: Understanding the actions of lorazepam is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, who may administer this medication in various clinical settings. Knowing that lorazepam can produce sedation, act as an anticonvulsant, and reduce anxiety helps in providing safe and effective patient care. Nurses need to be aware of the potential side effects and therapeutic benefits of lorazepam to monitor patients appropriately and intervene if necessary.