Simply put, shock is a state of hypoperfusion due to several different causes. Which one of the following types of shock would be considered distributive shock?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Distributive shock involves abnormal distribution of blood flow, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. Anaphylactic shock is a type of distributive shock where severe allergic reaction causes widespread vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, resulting in hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion. This choice is correct as it fits the definition of distributive shock. Hypovolemic shock (A) is due to loss of blood volume, not abnormal distribution. Cardiogenic shock (B) is caused by heart failure leading to inadequate cardiac output, not abnormal distribution. Toxic shock syndrome (D) is an overwhelming systemic response to toxins, not primarily characterized by abnormal distribution of blood flow.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Esophageal-Tracheal Combi-tube. This airway adjunct has a large distal end with an inflatable cuff that presses against the patient's esophageal sphincter. The proximal border rests against the tongue, effectively sealing the esophagus and allowing for positive pressure ventilations to be delivered to the trachea. The King LTD airway (A) is a supraglottic airway device used for ventilation but does not press against the esophageal sphincter. The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) (C) sits above the glottis and does not have a distal cuff to seal the esophagus. Nasotracheal intubation (D) involves passing a tube through the nose into the trachea and does not involve a cuff pressing against the esophageal sphincter.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Colloid solution. Colloid solutions contain large molecules like proteins that are too big to pass through the capillary membrane. These large molecules create osmotic pressure, helping to retain fluid within the blood vessels. Hypertonic solutions (A) have higher solute concentration, hypotonic solutions (B) have lower solute concentration, and crystalloid solutions (C) contain small molecules that can easily pass through the capillary membrane.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride. During cardiac arrest, the priority is to correct metabolic acidosis and provide adequate calcium for cardiac function. Sodium bicarbonate helps in correcting metabolic acidosis, while calcium chloride supports cardiac contractility. A: Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium sulfate - Magnesium sulfate is not indicated during cardiac arrest, and sodium bicarbonate alone may not address the calcium needs for cardiac function. B: Amiodarone and magnesium sulfate - Amiodarone is used for ventricular arrhythmias, not for asystole, and magnesium sulfate is not the priority in this scenario. D: Potassium and dopamine - Potassium can exacerbate the situation, and dopamine is not recommended as a first-line drug during cardiac arrest. In summary, the correct answer provides the necessary interventions to address metabolic acidosis and support cardiac function during the resuscitation attempt.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because spinal cord injuries can sometimes exist without visible fractures on x-ray studies. It is important to consider the possibility of spinal cord injury even in the absence of objective findings on x-ray. This is because spinal cord injuries can result from trauma that does not necessarily cause bony damage. Therefore, relying solely on x-ray studies to diagnose spinal cord injury may lead to missed or delayed diagnosis. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because central cord syndrome, MRI, and CT-scan are not definitive for ruling out spinal cord injury in the absence of visible fractures.