Simply put, shock is a state of hypoperfusion due to several different causes. Which one of the following types of shock would be considered distributive shock?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anaphylactic shock. Distributive shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation leading to poor perfusion of tissues. In anaphylactic shock, there is widespread vasodilation due to the release of histamine, causing fluid to shift from the blood vessels to the tissues. This results in decreased blood volume in the circulatory system and inadequate perfusion of organs. A: Hypovolemic shock is characterized by low blood volume, not systemic vasodilation. B: Cardiogenic shock is due to inadequate pumping of the heart, not systemic vasodilation. D: Toxic shock syndrome is caused by toxins released by bacteria, not systemic vasodilation. In summary, anaphylactic shock is the correct answer as it aligns with the characteristic features of distributive shock, while the other choices do not exhibit the same vasodilatory mechanism.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Esophageal-Tracheal Combi-tube. The Combi-tube has a large distal end with an inflatable cuff that presses against the esophageal sphincter, preventing gastric insufflation. The proximal border rests against the tongue, providing a secure airway. This device is specifically designed for unconscious patients with ineffective respirations, like the COPD patient in this scenario. A: King LTD airway is a supraglottic airway device used for difficult airways but does not have the same features as the Combi-tube for unconscious patients. C: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) does not have an inflatable cuff that prevents gastric insufflation like the Combi-tube. D: Nasotracheal intubation involves passing a tube through the nose into the trachea and is not the most appropriate choice in this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Colloid solution. Colloid solutions contain large molecules like proteins that are too large to pass through the capillary membrane, making them effective in increasing oncotic pressure within the blood vessels. Hypertonic solutions (A) have higher solute concentration, hypotonic solutions (B) have lower solute concentration, and crystalloid solutions (C) contain small molecules that can easily pass through the capillary membrane.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride. During cardiac arrest, the priority is to correct any metabolic acidosis (sodium bicarbonate) and replenish calcium stores (calcium chloride) to support myocardial function. Sodium bicarbonate helps with acid-base balance, while calcium chloride is crucial for cardiac muscle contraction. Choice A is incorrect as magnesium sulfate alone is not sufficient for cardiac arrest. Choice B is incorrect as amiodarone is used for arrhythmias, not asystole. Choice D is incorrect as administering potassium during cardiac arrest can worsen the situation, and dopamine is not recommended in this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because spinal cord injury can exist without visible fractures on x-rays. Objective findings may not be present initially, making it imperative to consider further evaluation beyond imaging studies. Central cord syndrome (choice A) typically presents with specific symptoms such as motor weakness in the upper extremities, which may not align with the given scenario. While MRI (choice B) is valuable for detailed soft tissue evaluation, it may not always be necessary for diagnosis. CT scan (choice C) is useful for visualizing bony structures but may not capture subtle spinal cord injuries. Thus, choice D is the most appropriate as it emphasizes the importance of clinical assessment and the possibility of spinal cord injury without immediate radiographic evidence.