Sign of biliary atresia on ultrasound?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) Triangular cord. Biliary atresia is a serious condition in infants where the bile ducts inside or outside the liver are blocked or absent. On ultrasound, a key sign of biliary atresia is the presence of a "triangular cord" sign, which refers to the triangular hypoechoic structure seen at the porta hepatis due to fibrosis and bile duct proliferation. This finding is highly specific for biliary atresia and is crucial for early diagnosis and prompt intervention. Option B) Delayed radioisotope uptake by hepatocytes is not a sign of biliary atresia on ultrasound. This finding is more indicative of hepatocellular dysfunction or obstruction in the intrahepatic bile ducts rather than specific to biliary atresia. Educational Context: Understanding the characteristic ultrasound findings of biliary atresia is essential for pediatric clinical nurse specialists as they play a vital role in the care and management of pediatric patients. Early identification of biliary atresia is critical for timely surgical intervention to prevent liver damage and improve outcomes. By recognizing the triangular cord sign on ultrasound, nurses can advocate for further diagnostic testing and collaborate with the healthcare team to provide comprehensive care for infants with suspected biliary atresia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Fever. In Hodgkin disease, B symptoms refer to systemic symptoms including fever, night sweats, and weight loss. These symptoms indicate a more advanced stage of the disease and are important for staging and treatment planning. Option A) Itching is not typically considered a B symptom in Hodgkin disease. Itching, or pruritus, can occur in some cases but is not a defining B symptom. Option B) Jaundice is not a B symptom in Hodgkin disease. Jaundice may indicate liver involvement or obstruction of the bile duct, but it is not a typical symptom of Hodgkin disease. Option D) Anemia is not a B symptom in Hodgkin disease. Anemia may occur as a result of bone marrow involvement by the disease, but it is not specific to B symptoms. Understanding the B symptoms in Hodgkin disease is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists as they play a significant role in assessing disease progression and determining appropriate interventions. By recognizing these symptoms, healthcare providers can provide timely and effective care for pediatric patients with Hodgkin disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Enteroviruses. Enteroviruses are the most common viral cause of encephalitis in children. This is because enteroviruses are a common group of viruses that can infect the central nervous system, leading to inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). They are particularly prevalent in children due to their higher susceptibility and close contact in school and daycare settings. Option A) Herpes simplex is a common cause of encephalitis in adults, but less common in children. It is typically seen in immunocompromised individuals. Option C) Varicella Zoster virus is associated with chickenpox and shingles, but it is not a common cause of encephalitis in children. Option D) Mumps can lead to complications like meningitis, but it is not a common cause of viral encephalitis in children. Educational Context: Understanding the common causes of encephalitis in children is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of viral encephalitis, along with the most likely causative agents, is essential for timely diagnosis and management in pediatric patients. This knowledge helps in providing appropriate care and support to children affected by this serious condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Look-Listen-Feel procedure is a critical component of the primary assessment in pediatric emergency care. The correct answer, option B, "Assess for breathing," is crucial in evaluating a child's respiratory status. In pediatric patients, respiratory distress is a common emergency presentation, making the assessment of breathing a priority. Option A, "Assess for consciousness," is important in the primary assessment but is not the focus of the Look-Listen-Feel procedure. Consciousness is typically assessed using other methods such as the AVPU scale (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive). Option C, "Assess for airway patency," is also essential in pediatric emergency care, but it is typically evaluated before the Look-Listen-Feel procedure. Ensuring a clear airway is a prerequisite for effective breathing assessment. Option D, "Assess for circulation," is vital in pediatric emergencies but is not the primary purpose of the Look-Listen-Feel procedure. Circulation is usually assessed through pulse checks and skin color, temperature, and capillary refill. Educationally, understanding the correct sequence and rationale behind the Look-Listen-Feel procedure equips pediatric nurses with the skills to prioritize and perform a systematic assessment in emergency situations. This knowledge is crucial for timely and accurate decision-making, ultimately leading to better outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Post auricular lymphadenopathy. This finding is pathognomonic of rubella because it is a characteristic clinical sign associated specifically with rubella infection. Rubella typically presents with swollen lymph nodes behind the ear, known as post auricular lymphadenopathy, which is a key diagnostic feature of the disease. Option A) Severe prodromal stage is not pathognomonic of rubella as many viral illnesses can present with a severe prodromal stage. Option B) Circumoral pallor is not specific to rubella and can be seen in various other conditions such as anemia or shock. Option C) Maculopapular rash is a common manifestation in rubella, but it is not pathognomonic as it can also be seen in other viral infections like measles or roseola. Educationally, understanding the specific clinical signs associated with different pediatric illnesses is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists. Recognizing pathognomonic signs like post auricular lymphadenopathy in rubella can help in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of the condition, leading to improved patient outcomes.