Sigmund Freud, Karl Menninger, and Aaron Beck theorized that hopelessness was an integral part of why a person commits suicide. A more recent theory suggest suicide results from:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The diathesis-stress model. This model suggests that individuals have a predisposition (diathesis) towards a certain mental health condition, such as depression, and this predisposition interacts with environmental stressors to trigger the condition. Suicide can result from the combination of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events (stressors). Elevated serotonin levels (choice A) are more associated with mood disorders like depression, not directly linked to suicide. Outward aggression turned inward (choice C) is more related to internalizing behaviors like self-harm, but not necessarily suicide. A lack of perfectionism (choice D) is not a widely recognized factor in suicide risk. The diathesis-stress model provides a comprehensive explanation for the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to suicide.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The diathesis-stress model. This model suggests that individuals have a predisposition (diathesis) towards a certain mental health condition, such as depression, and this predisposition interacts with environmental stressors to trigger the condition. Suicide can result from the combination of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events (stressors). Elevated serotonin levels (choice A) are more associated with mood disorders like depression, not directly linked to suicide. Outward aggression turned inward (choice C) is more related to internalizing behaviors like self-harm, but not necessarily suicide. A lack of perfectionism (choice D) is not a widely recognized factor in suicide risk. The diathesis-stress model provides a comprehensive explanation for the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to suicide.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: cognitive restructuring. This counseling technique involves challenging and changing irrational thoughts, like the fear of the house burning down, by exploring evidence and creating more balanced perspectives. In this scenario, the nurse and patient are addressing the patient's obsessive thought by examining the likelihood of an actual fire, which aligns with cognitive restructuring. A: Flooding involves exposing the patient to the feared stimulus at full intensity, which is not demonstrated in the scenario. B: Desensitization involves gradually exposing the patient to the feared stimulus, not directly challenging irrational thoughts. C: Relaxation techniques aim to reduce anxiety and stress but do not address the underlying irrational thoughts like cognitive restructuring does.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reduced liver function. In older adults, liver function declines, affecting drug metabolism and clearance. This can lead to drug toxicity as medications may not be broken down effectively. Reduced liver function is a common age-related change that can impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Choices B, C, and D do not directly contribute to drug toxicity risk in older adults. Reduced brain gray matter volume, lower metabolic rate at rest, and decreased body water are not specifically related to drug metabolism and clearance. Thus, they are incorrect choices for contributing to the patient's risk for drug toxicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anhedonia. Anhedonia refers to the inability to experience pleasure or joy in activities that were previously enjoyable. In the scenario provided, the client's statement about not enjoying crossword puzzles anymore indicates a loss of pleasure, which is a key symptom of anhedonia commonly seen in depression. A: Dysthymic disorder is a type of chronic mood disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood. The client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder based on the information provided. C: Delusion refers to a fixed false belief that is not based in reality. The client's statement does not involve any delusional beliefs, so this choice is incorrect. D: Psychosis involves a loss of contact with reality, often manifesting as hallucinations or delusions. The client's statement does not indicate a break from reality, so psychosis is not the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because ileostomy typically drains liquid continuously due to the high fluid content of the small intestine. This statement indicates the client understands the normal function of their stoma. A is incorrect because medications for ileostomy patients are usually not enteric coated. C is incorrect because pouch system change frequency varies, often daily or every few days, not every two weeks. D is incorrect because the stoma will change in size during the healing process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identifying the underlying beliefs. In cognitive behavior therapy, identifying the underlying beliefs is crucial as they drive the patient's thoughts and behaviors. By focusing on these core beliefs first, the nurse can help the patient understand the root causes of their issues and work towards challenging and modifying them effectively. A: Identifying alternative explanations of an event - This step usually comes after identifying the underlying beliefs. B: Exploring evidence to support or refute the beliefs - This step comes after identifying the beliefs and is not the initial focus. D: Examining the real implications if the beliefs are true - This step is important but is typically addressed after identifying and working on the underlying beliefs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Low self-esteem. Low self-esteem is a common psychological etiology of substance abuse as individuals may turn to substances to cope with feelings of inadequacy or self-doubt. This can lead to a cycle of self-medication and addiction. Incorrect choices: B: Genetic predisposition - While genetics can play a role in substance abuse, it is not a psychological etiology but rather a biological factor. C: Dysfunctional family - While family dynamics can contribute to substance abuse, it is more related to environmental factors than psychological ones. D: Peer influence - Peer influence is a social factor, not a psychological one, that can contribute to substance abuse behavior.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because when the client states, "I'll tell you about my sister," it shows a willingness to share personal information, indicating a level of trust. This statement implies a desire for the nurse to know more about their personal life, which is a positive sign of trust being established. Choice A does not necessarily indicate trust as it could just be a statement of longing. Choice B shows resistance or defensiveness, which is not indicative of trust. Choice D does not directly relate to the nurse-client relationship and does not provide insight into trust being established.