Shoulder ROM involves 180° of flexion, 180° of abduction, 60° of extension, and 60° of adduction. How many degrees of scapulothoracic motion is involved in shoulder abduction?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 60°. Scapulothoracic motion contributes to shoulder abduction by allowing the scapula to upwardly rotate and tilt posteriorly. Since shoulder abduction involves 180°, scapulothoracic motion accounts for half of this motion, which is 90°. Therefore, the correct answer is 60°, as it represents the scapulothoracic motion involved in shoulder abduction. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the scapulothoracic motion required for shoulder abduction based on the given information.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Heberden's nodes are bony swellings that develop at the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers, characteristic of osteoarthritis. The nodes result from osteophyte formation and joint degeneration seen in OA, especially in older individuals. In rheumatoid arthritis (choice A), joint inflammation is more symmetrical and involves the proximal interphalangeal joints. Psoriatic arthritis (choice B) typically presents with dactylitis and nail changes. Gout (choice D) manifests as acute arthritis due to urate crystal deposition, not bony nodules.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Intuition is the correct answer because it refers to the subconscious processing of assessment data by expert nurses. 2. Expert nurses rely on intuition to make quick and accurate decisions based on their experience and pattern recognition. 3. Intuition allows nurses to act without consciously labeling or analyzing the assessment data. 4. The nursing process (B) involves a systematic approach to care, not necessarily based on subconscious responses. 5. Clinical knowledge (C) is important but does not specifically refer to the subconscious pattern recognition seen in intuition. 6. Diagnostic reasoning (D) involves a more deliberate and analytical process compared to the quick, pattern-based responses of intuition. Summary: Intuition is the correct choice as it describes the subconscious response of expert nurses to assessment data. The other options, the nursing process, clinical knowledge, and diagnostic reasoning, do not specifically capture the automatic, pattern-based nature of expert nurse responses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because teaching nurses how to conduct electronic searches for research studies empowers them to independently access relevant information efficiently. This approach promotes self-directed learning and increases the likelihood of incorporating evidence-based practice (EBP) into their daily routines. Forming a committee (A) may not address immediate needs, posting studies on bulletin boards (B) may not be practical or up-to-date, and visiting the library (C) may not be convenient or time-effective for all nurses.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: High frequency, low intensity. High-frequency TENS (typically 80-100 Hz) is effective for acute pain by stimulating the release of endorphins and enkephalins, blocking pain signals. Low-intensity avoids muscle contraction, providing pain relief without discomfort. High intensity may cause muscle contractions and discomfort. Low frequency (2-10 Hz) TENS is more suitable for chronic pain, not as effective for acute pain.