Shoulder dystocia is difficult to predict. What are thought to be predictors for shoulder dystocia?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes can lead to larger fetal size, increasing the risk of shoulder dystocia. It is a known risk factor that healthcare providers consider when assessing the likelihood of shoulder dystocia. Estimated birth weight alone (A) may not accurately predict shoulder dystocia. While previous shoulder dystocia (C) is a risk factor, it is not a predictor as it is based on past occurrences. Hypertension (D) is not directly associated with an increased risk of shoulder dystocia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (500 mL) for defining postpartum hemorrhage. This amount is used as the threshold because it represents a significant loss that may lead to maternal complications. Excessive bleeding after childbirth can quickly become life-threatening, so it is crucial to define postpartum hemorrhage accurately. Choices A (250 mL), C (750 mL), and D (1,000 mL) are incorrect as they do not align with the standard definition of postpartum hemorrhage, which is typically considered when blood loss exceeds 500 mL.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is B: alteration in oxygenation. Restlessness, cyanosis, nasal flaring, orthopnea, and the use of accessory muscles are all classic signs of respiratory distress, indicating a problem with oxygenation. Liver failure (A) would typically present with jaundice, ascites, and coagulopathy, not respiratory symptoms. Preterm delivery (C) is related to early labor signs, such as contractions and cervical changes. Gestational diabetes (D) would manifest with symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue, not respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Maternal requests for cesarean delivery are a significant contributor to the high incidence of cesarean births. Step 2: Maternal requests may stem from various factors such as fear of labor pain, convenience, or personal preferences. Step 3: Nurses can address this issue by educating women on the risks and benefits of cesarean versus vaginal delivery. Step 4: By understanding and addressing maternal requests, the facility can potentially lower the cesarean delivery rate. Summary: - Choice A is incorrect as high-risk pregnancies do not directly contribute to the rate of cesarean births. - Choice B is incorrect as reviewing cesarean policies alone may not address the underlying issue of maternal requests. - Choice C is incorrect as community education, while important, may not directly impact the rate of cesarean deliveries as compared to addressing maternal requests.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Encourage skin-to-skin contact between the mother and neonate. This action is crucial following a cesarean delivery to promote bonding, regulate the baby's temperature, and facilitate breastfeeding. Skin-to-skin contact also helps stabilize the baby's heart rate, breathing, and blood sugar levels. A: Allowing the birth partner to hand the neonate to the mother may be a good practice but is not as essential as skin-to-skin contact for immediate benefits. B: Assisting the mother and partner to cut the umbilical cord is not typically the nurse's responsibility immediately after a cesarean delivery and does not provide the same benefits as skin-to-skin contact. C: Moving the neonate into the visual field of the mother is important for bonding but does not offer the same physiological benefits as direct skin-to-skin contact.