Shock associated with decreased central venous pressure includes the following Except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock is associated with increased central venous pressure, not decreased central venous pressure. When the heart is unable to pump effectively, central venous pressure increases due to blood backing up in the venous system. Therefore, cardiogenic shock does not fit the criteria of shock associated with decreased central venous pressure. Hypovolemic shock (B), septic shock (C), and distributive shock (D) are all types of shock that can be associated with decreased central venous pressure. - Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a significant loss of intravascular fluid volume, leading to decreased central venous pressure. - Septic shock is a result of a severe infection causing widespread inflammation and vasodilation, which can lead to decreased central venous pressure. - Distributive shock, such as in cases of anaphylaxis or sepsis, involves abnormal distribution of blood flow leading to decreased central venous pressure. In an educational context, understanding the different types of shock and their associated physiological changes is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists. This knowledge allows for accurate assessment, timely intervention, and effective management of pediatric patients in shock states. Remembering the specific characteristics of each type of shock can aid in making quick and appropriate clinical decisions to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Thrombin time. Thrombin time is not typically used as a screening test for a child with a bleeding tendency. A) Clotting time measures the time it takes for blood to clot, which can indicate certain clotting disorders. B) Bleeding time assesses the duration of bleeding after a standardized skin incision, providing information on platelet function. D) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) evaluates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, helping to diagnose clotting factor deficiencies. In pediatric clinical practice, screening tests for bleeding tendencies are crucial in identifying children at risk for bleeding disorders. Understanding the specific purpose and interpretation of each test is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of pediatric patients with bleeding issues. Thrombin time is not typically included in routine screening tests for bleeding disorders in children, hence making it the correct answer in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Abdominal mass is the most common clinical presentation in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This is accurate because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma commonly presents with extranodal involvement, with abdominal masses being a frequent manifestation due to lymph node enlargement in the abdomen. Option A) Less common than Hodgkin's lymphoma is incorrect because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is actually more common than Hodgkin's lymphoma. Option C) Systemic symptoms are common is incorrect as systemic symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss are more commonly associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Option D) Unicentric in origin is incorrect because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presents as multicentric disease involving multiple lymph nodes or extranodal sites. In an educational context, understanding the clinical presentations of different types of lymphomas is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients. Recognizing the common manifestations of Non-HodgNurse practioners, including the prevalence of abdominal masses, aids in early detection, timely interventions, and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is essential to understand the significance of fontanel closure as it can indicate abnormalities in brain development. The correct answer, option A, "Normal finding," is appropriate for a 14-month-old infant whose anterior fontanel is closed. By this age, it is expected for the anterior fontanel to be closed as part of normal development. Option B, "Questionable finding—indicates infant should be rechecked in 1 month," is incorrect because the closure of the anterior fontanel at 14 months is within the expected range of normal development, so there is no need for immediate reevaluation. Option C, "Abnormal finding—indicates need for immediate referral to practitioner," is incorrect because the closed anterior fontanel at 14 months is not an abnormal finding; it is a normal developmental milestone. Option D, "Abnormal finding—indicates need for developmental assessment," is incorrect because the closed anterior fontanel alone does not indicate the need for a developmental assessment at this age. It is important for nurses to have a strong understanding of pediatric growth and development milestones to provide safe and effective care to infants and children. Regular assessments help in monitoring normal growth patterns and identifying any deviations that may require further evaluation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) infants' temperaments are part of their unique characteristics. This is because infants, just like adults, are born with their own individual temperaments. Some babies may be more fussy or difficult than others, regardless of gestational age or birth circumstances. It is important for parents to understand and accept their child's temperament as part of who they are. Option B is incorrect because babies, especially young infants like Sara, actually thrive on scheduled feedings and structured routines. Predictable routines help babies feel secure and can actually reduce fussiness and difficult behavior. Option C is incorrect because Sara's behavior is not necessarily indicative of failure to bond with her parents. Bonding is a complex process that involves many factors and cannot be solely attributed to a baby's temperament. Option D is incorrect because a baby's temperament is not usually the result of painful experiences in the neonatal period. While experiences in the neonatal period can impact a baby's behavior, temperament is believed to be largely innate and not solely determined by early experiences. Educationally, it is important for nurses to educate parents about infant temperament and reassure them that variations in behavior are normal. By understanding and accepting their child's temperament, parents can better respond to their baby's needs and foster a positive parent-child relationship.