Several clients are admitted to an adult medical unit. For which client condition(s) would the nurse institute airborne precautions?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a positive PPD test with an abnormal chest x-ray indicates tuberculosis (TB), which is an airborne transmitted disease. Airborne precautions are required to prevent the spread of TB. Choice A is incorrect because AIDS with CMV does not require airborne precautions. CMV is primarily transmitted through body fluids. Choice C is incorrect because viral pneumonia, even with brown sputum, does not require airborne precautions as it is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Choice D is incorrect because advanced carcinoma of the lung with hemoptysis does not require airborne precautions as it is not an airborne transmitted disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nonmaleficence. The nurse is displaying the ethical principle of nonmaleficence by protecting the surgeon's right to privacy and confidentiality. By refusing to disclose the surgeon's medical diagnosis, the nurse is prioritizing the principle of doing no harm and preventing potential harm to the surgeon's well-being. This respects the surgeon's autonomy and confidentiality. Summary of other choices: A: Utility - This principle focuses on maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people. Not applicable in this scenario. B: Paternalism - This principle involves making decisions for someone else's best interest. Not applicable as the nurse is respecting the surgeon's autonomy. C: Justice - This principle involves fairness and equal treatment. Not relevant to the situation as it does not involve distribution of resources or treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because nonmaleficence means to do no harm. Withholding a dose of narcotic pain medication when the client has respiratory depression is essential to prevent harm and potential worsening of the client's condition. Choice A is not directly related to nonmaleficence. Choice B is important but not specific to avoiding harm. Choice D, while important for emotional support, does not directly address preventing harm or avoiding potential harm to the client.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: There is no significant difference or relationship. The null hypothesis assumes no effect or relationship exists between variables in a study. It serves as a baseline assumption to be tested against the alternative hypothesis. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because the null hypothesis does not assert the presence of a relationship, reliability of results, or adequacy of sample size, but rather the absence of a significant difference or relationship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The ability to generalize findings to other populations. External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the specific sample or setting studied. This is crucial for ensuring that the results are applicable to a broader population. In contrast, option A (accuracy of the measurement tool) addresses internal validity, while option C (consistency of research results) is related to internal reliability. Option D (reliability of the sample size) focuses on the consistency and precision of data collection, which is more about internal reliability rather than external validity. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it directly relates to the concept of external validity in research.