Select the great public health achievements in the United States in the 20th century. (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elimination of common infectious diseases. This is a significant public health achievement in the 20th century due to the development of vaccines and antibiotics, leading to the eradication or control of diseases like smallpox and polio. This achievement has had a substantial impact on improving population health. Summary: - Choice A is correct as it directly addresses a major public health milestone. - Choice B is incorrect as recognizing tobacco as a health hazard, while important, is not a specific public health achievement in the 20th century. - Choice C is incorrect as fluoridation of drinking water is a notable public health intervention but not one of the great achievements in the 20th century. - Choice D is incorrect as healthier mothers and babies is an important public health goal but does not represent a specific achievement in the 20th century.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, the shorter length of stay in long-term care facilities. This has led to an increase in the number of acute and chronically ill people in the community needing professional nursing care because individuals are being discharged from long-term care facilities sooner than before. Consequently, these individuals require ongoing nursing care and support once they return to the community. This change in healthcare practices has resulted in a higher demand for professional nursing care services outside of institutional settings. Summary: - Choice B (Increase in ambulatory surgery) is incorrect as it does not directly lead to an increase in the number of individuals needing professional nursing care in the community. - Choice C (Decrease in the use of outpatient clinics) is incorrect as a decrease in outpatient clinic use does not necessarily result in more individuals needing professional nursing care in the community. - Choice D (Increase in length of stay in emergency departments) is incorrect as it focuses on emergency care rather than the transition of individuals from long-term care facilities to the

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Baccalaureate. A baccalaureate degree in nursing (BSN) is the minimum educational credential required for entry into public health nursing practice. This level of education provides the necessary knowledge and skills to address the complex healthcare needs of communities. A BSN program includes coursework in public health nursing, community health, epidemiology, and health promotion. It also prepares students for leadership roles and critical thinking in public health settings. Summary: A: An associate's degree in nursing may allow entry into general nursing practice but is not sufficient for public health nursing due to the specialized knowledge required. C: A master's degree in nursing is not the minimum requirement for entry-level public health nursing practice. D: A doctorate in nursing is not necessary for entry-level public health nursing practice and is typically pursued for advanced practice roles.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clara Barton. Barton achieved widespread recognition during the Civil War for her efforts in distributing supplies to wounded soldiers and caring for casualties with a team of nurses. She is known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" for her dedication and service during the war. Dorothea Dix was known for her advocacy for mental health reform, not specifically for her work during the Civil War. Lemuel Shattuck was a public health advocate but did not have a direct role in providing care during the Civil War. Lillian Wald was a pioneering public health nurse but her work was mainly focused on urban healthcare reform, not specifically during the Civil War. Clara Barton's direct involvement and impact during the Civil War make her the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: About 40% of physicians are women. This is because it accurately characterizes physicians in France based on gender demographics. This information is relevant in understanding the diversity and representation of women in the medical profession in France. A, C, and D are incorrect: A: Physicians being evenly distributed between rural and urban areas is not a characteristic specific to physicians in France. C: The duration of physician visits can vary and is not a specific characteristic of physicians in France. D: The number of clients physicians see in a day can vary and is not a defining characteristic of physicians in France.