Select the drug that primarily reduces the static component of urinary obstruction in benign hypertrophy of prostate and takes more than 3 months to exert its beneficial effect:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Finasteride is a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor that primarily reduces the static component of urinary obstruction in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by decreasing the size of the prostate gland. It inhibits the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is responsible for prostate growth. Finasteride takes more than 3 months to exert its beneficial effect as it gradually reduces the size of the prostate gland. It is typically prescribed for long-term management of BPH symptoms. Tamsulosin and Terazosin, both alpha-1 blockers, primarily target the dynamic component of urinary obstruction by relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, providing rapid symptom relief. Amphetamine is not used in the treatment of BPH.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Estrogens are known to have various metabolic actions in the body, but they do not typically promote anabolism. Instead, estrogens have been shown to have effects such as improving insulin sensitivity and promoting a favorable lipid profile by decreasing LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. Estrogens are also associated with salt and water retention, which can contribute to bloating and weight gain in some individuals. Additionally, estrogens can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, especially at higher doses or in individuals with existing metabolic issues. However, the promotion of anabolism is not a characteristic metabolic action of estrogens.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma due to unopposed estrogen stimulation. Adding a progestin for 10-12 days each month helps to counteract this risk by providing progestational support, which protects the endometrium from estrogen-induced hyperplasia and potential malignant transformation. This combination therapy is known as hormone replacement therapy and is commonly recommended to reduce the risk of endometrial carcinoma in menopausal women receiving estrogen therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in both the initiation of labor (A) and the milk ejection reflex (C) in breastfeeding mothers. During childbirth, oxytocin helps to stimulate contractions of the uterus, which are necessary for labor to progress. After childbirth, oxytocin continues to be important in the production and release of milk. When a baby suckles at the breast, oxytocin is released, causing the milk to be ejected from the mother's mammary glands, facilitating breastfeeding. Thus, oxytocin is essential for both the initiation of labor and the milk ejection reflex.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyper-vitaminosis D refers to an excessive intake of vitamin D leading to an elevated level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). The common features of hyper-vitaminosis D include symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and kidney disorders. However, hypertension is not a typical feature associated with hyper-vitaminosis D. Instead, hypertension is commonly associated with conditions such as high salt intake, obesity, and stress. Hence, hypertension is not a feature of hyper-vitaminosis D.