Select all the early manifestations of lithium

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nausea is one of the early manifestations of lithium toxicity. It is important to monitor for this symptom in patients taking lithium to detect toxicity early and prevent more serious complications. Hypotension and renal failure are more severe manifestations of lithium toxicity that occur at later stages. Muscle weakness is not typically associated with early lithium toxicity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a biological response. By activating the receptor, an agonist mimics the action of the body's natural ligand that typically binds to the receptor. This activation may lead to a cascade of events within the cell, resulting in a specific physiological response. In contrast, antagonists block the receptor from being activated, while agonists work by binding to the receptor and initiating the desired response.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ondansetron is a medication commonly used to prevent nausea and vomiting, particularly in patients receiving chemotherapy or undergoing surgery. Its mechanism of action involves blocking the effects of serotonin, specifically by antagonizing serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. By inhibiting serotonin signaling, ondansetron helps to alleviate nausea and vomiting in affected individuals. This action is distinct from the other options provided, making option C the correct answer for the drug Ondansetron.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Stimulants are drugs that increase the body's activity levels. They work on the central nervous system to enhance alertness, attention, and energy. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines, and nicotine. Stimulants can increase heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism, leading to heightened physical and mental activity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding units of measurement is crucial for accurate dosing and administration of medications. The basic metric unit for the measurement of volume is the liter (Option C). A liter is a standard unit in the metric system and is used to measure volume in medication administration. Option A, cc (cubic centimeter), is commonly used in healthcare but is not the basic metric unit for volume measurement. Option B, ml (milliliter), is a commonly used unit in medication dosages, but it is a smaller unit than a liter. Option D, minims, is an outdated unit of volume measurement and is not commonly used in modern healthcare practices. Educationally, understanding the metric system and units of measurement is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure accurate medication administration. By knowing the basic metric units, healthcare providers can prevent medication errors and ensure patient safety. It is important for students preparing for the ATI Capstone Pharmacology Assessment to have a strong grasp of metric units to excel in medication-related questions and real-world practice.