Scoliosis is a complex 3-dimensional spinal deformity that is defined in the coronal plane as a curve of at least 10 degrees, measured by the Cobb method, on a posteroanterior (PA) radiograph of the spine. Which statement is TRUE about this disease?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: AIS is more common in females (A is false), inheritance patterns are not 50% (B is incorrect), and melatonin levels are not consistently high (C is wrong). About one-third of girls with AIS have osteopenia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Type III is the most severe non-lethal form, causing significant deformity and disability.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Equinus describes a plantar-flexed foot position, often seen in conditions like clubfoot, due to limited dorsiflexion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hyperphosphatasia features very high alkaline phosphatase (8700), with normal calcium and phosphate.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Kyphosis is round-back, an exaggerated thoracic spine curvature.