Scoliosis can be classified as structural or functional. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of structural scoliosis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It is reversible. Structural scoliosis involves irreversible changes in the spine's alignment, such as rotation and curvature due to factors like abnormal growth or spinal deformities. Reversibility is not a characteristic of structural scoliosis. A: Most cases are idiopathic - This is a characteristic of structural scoliosis as idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type. C: Subtype of structural scoliosis includes idiopathic - This supports the characteristic of idiopathic scoliosis within the structural category. D: Subtypes of structural scoliosis include congenital or acquired - This is correct as structural scoliosis can be caused by congenital abnormalities or acquired conditions, supporting the definition of structural scoliosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pivot shift. This test is the most specific for diagnosing an ACL tear because it assesses the rotational instability of the knee joint, which is a key characteristic of an ACL injury. During the test, the examiner applies a valgus force and internal rotation to the knee while extending it, causing the tibia to subluxate anteriorly. If there is an ACL tear, the tibia will suddenly reduce back into place, producing a characteristic "pivot shift" movement. Summary of other choices: B: Lachman test - While also used to assess ACL integrity, it primarily evaluates anterior translation of the tibia and is not as specific for rotational instability. C: Anterior drawer sign - This test is primarily used to assess anterior translation of the tibia and is not specific to diagnosing an ACL tear. D: Ege's test - This test is not commonly used in clinical practice for diagnosing ACL tears.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Second degree or partial thickness. This type of burn involves damage to both the epidermis and the dermis, resulting in blistering. First-degree burns (A) only affect the epidermis. Third-degree burns (C) extend through the dermis into deeper tissues. Unstageable burns (D) are typically associated with pressure ulcers, not burns. In this case, the presence of blistering indicates partial damage to the dermis, making the burn a second-degree or partial thickness burn.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fast concentric. During fast concentric contractions, the muscle shortens quickly, generating the least force compared to other contractions. This is because the muscle fibers have less time to develop tension, resulting in lower force production. Slow eccentric contractions (choice A) generate more force as the muscle lengthens under tension. Fast eccentric contractions (choice B) produce more force than fast concentric contractions due to the muscle lengthening while under tension. Slow concentric contractions (choice C) generate more force than fast concentric contractions as the muscle shortens slowly, allowing for greater force development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fast concentric. Fast concentric contractions generate the least force because the muscle shortens quickly, leading to lower tension production compared to slow concentric contractions. In fast eccentric contractions (choice B), the muscle lengthens quickly, which can produce more force as it resists against gravity or an external load. Slow eccentric contractions (choice A) involve controlled lengthening of the muscle, resulting in higher force production compared to fast concentric contractions. Slow concentric contractions (choice C) involve controlled shortening of the muscle, leading to higher force production than fast concentric contractions.