Schizophrenia generally presents in adolescence or early adulthood. However, it may appear in children. Which of the following is true regarding childhood-onset schizophrenia?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) negative symptoms are most frequent in early childhood and later adolescence. Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a rare and severe form of the disorder. Negative symptoms, such as social withdrawal, lack of emotion, and reduced motivation, are more common in early childhood and later adolescence in children with schizophrenia. This is due to the impact of the illness on the child's developing brain and social skills. Option A is incorrect because childhood-onset schizophrenia is not indicative of a milder form of the disorder. In fact, it is often associated with more severe symptoms and a poorer prognosis compared to adult-onset schizophrenia. Option B is incorrect as research suggests that childhood-onset schizophrenia is more prevalent in boys than in girls, contrary to the statement provided. Option C is incorrect as hallucinations in childhood-onset schizophrenia are not mainly tactile misperceptions. Children with this condition commonly experience auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Educationally, understanding the unique characteristics of childhood-onset schizophrenia is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support for these vulnerable patients. Recognizing the prevalence of negative symptoms at different stages of childhood can aid in early identification and intervention, leading to improved outcomes for affected children and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, the treatment of enuresis (bedwetting) is a crucial aspect of care. The correct answer, D) having the child launder the soiled sheets, is not an appropriate treatment for enuresis. This option is incorrect because making the child launder the soiled sheets as a form of punishment can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment, which are counterproductive and can worsen the condition. A) enlisting the cooperation of the child is important in the treatment of enuresis as it empowers the child and involves them in their care, leading to better outcomes. B) having the child void before retiring is a recommended practice to minimize the likelihood of bedwetting during sleep. C) using alarms is a common and effective strategy to help children wake up when they begin to wet the bed, eventually conditioning them to recognize the need to urinate and wake up to use the toilet. In an educational context, it is vital to emphasize positive and supportive approaches in the treatment of enuresis to promote the child's self-esteem and cooperation. Punitive measures, such as making the child launder sheets, can have negative psychological effects. Educating caregivers about appropriate treatment strategies and involving the child in a positive and understanding manner can lead to successful management of enuresis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding suicide risk factors is crucial for providing effective care to children and adolescents. In this question, option D is correct because alcohol use is actually related to an increased risk of suicide. Alcohol can lower inhibitions and impair judgment, leading to impulsive behaviors, including suicide attempts. Option A is incorrect because research shows that a significant percentage of completed suicides are indeed preceded by previous attempts, indicating a heightened risk in individuals with past suicidal behavior. Option B is incorrect as there are typically far more suicide attempts than completed suicides, with estimates varying but generally indicating a higher rate of attempts. Option C is incorrect as access to firearms is a well-documented risk factor for completed suicide, especially in regions where gun ownership is prevalent. Easy access to lethal means, such as guns, increases the likelihood of a completed suicide due to the immediacy and irreversibility of firearm use. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors for suicide in pediatric patients. Nurses must be vigilant in assessing for suicidal ideation and behaviors, understanding the associations between certain factors like alcohol use and access to lethal means, and implementing appropriate interventions to prevent suicide in vulnerable populations. Comprehensive knowledge of these factors is essential for providing holistic care to pediatric patients at risk for suicide.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 99% of cases. Lead poisoning in children is often asymptomatic or presents with vague symptoms that can easily be overlooked. Screening procedures, such as blood lead level testing, are crucial in identifying children with lead poisoning early on, even before they develop clinical symptoms. This early detection allows for timely intervention to prevent further exposure and minimize health consequences. Option B) 79% of cases is incorrect because lead poisoning can occur without obvious clinical symptoms, making reliance on clinical recognition alone inadequate. Option C) 59% of cases is incorrect as it underestimates the importance of screening procedures in identifying lead-poisoned children who may not exhibit noticeable symptoms. Option D) 39% of cases is incorrect as it also downplays the significance of systematic screening in detecting lead poisoning cases, especially in asymptomatic children. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to understand the importance of routine lead screening in at-risk populations to ensure early identification and intervention. Emphasizing the reliance on screening procedures over clinical recognition can help prevent the long-term consequences of lead exposure in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the use of antivenoms is crucial for managing venomous bites effectively. The correct answer, option B, states that it is not beneficial to give antivenom locally at the bite site. This is because antivenom works systemically and should be administered intravenously to reach the bloodstream and neutralize the venom circulating throughout the body. Option A is incorrect because antivenom is designed to neutralize venom wherever it may be circulating in the body, not just in the bloodstream. Option C is also incorrect as most antivenoms are indeed administered intravenously to ensure rapid distribution throughout the body. Option D is a distractor because while skin tests may have limitations, they are not directly related to the administration or effectiveness of antivenom therapy. In a pediatric nursing context, it is essential to administer antivenom promptly and correctly to prevent serious complications from venomous bites. Understanding the route of administration, mechanism of action, and potential side effects of antivenom is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients who have been bitten by venomous creatures. This knowledge can help nurses provide safe and effective care, potentially saving lives in emergency situations.