Sarah's parents are excited about the possibility of her receiving a double lung transplant. What is important for Sarah's parents to understand?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) The transplant will not cure Sarah of CF but will allow her to have a longer life. Explanation: Sarah's parents need to understand that while a double lung transplant can improve Sarah's quality of life and increase her lifespan, it is not a cure for cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is a genetic condition that affects multiple organs in the body, not just the lungs. By receiving a lung transplant, Sarah may experience improvements in her respiratory function and overall health, but the underlying cause of CF will still be present. Why the other options are incorrect: A) The transplant will cure Sarah of CF and allow her to live a long and healthy life. This option is incorrect because a lung transplant does not cure CF. It only addresses the respiratory symptoms associated with the disease. C) The transplant will help to reverse the multisystem damage that has been caused by CF. While a lung transplant can improve lung function, it does not reverse the damage that CF has caused in other organs of the body. CF is a systemic disease that affects the digestive system, liver, and other organs. D) The transplant will be Sarah's only chance at surviving long enough to graduate college. While a lung transplant can improve Sarah's prognosis, it is not the only factor that determines her survival. Other aspects of her CF management, such as medications, therapies, and lifestyle modifications, also play crucial roles in her long-term health outcomes. Educational context: It is important for parents of children with CF to have a comprehensive understanding of the implications of a lung transplant. Educators and healthcare providers can support families by providing accurate information, addressing concerns, and facilitating discussions with the healthcare team to make informed decisions regarding treatment options for their child.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Hirschsprung disease. A newborn's failure to pass meconium within the first 24 hours after birth may indicate Hirschsprung disease, a condition where there is a lack of ganglion cells in the rectum and colon, leading to a functional obstruction. Meconium is the infant's first stool, and the absence of passing it indicates a potential issue in the bowel. Option B) Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption and does not directly affect meconium passage. Option C) Intussusception is the telescoping of one segment of the intestine into another and typically presents with colicky abdominal pain, not a meconium passage issue in a newborn. Option D) Abdominal wall defect, such as gastroschisis or omphalocele, usually presents with visible abnormalities in the abdominal wall and does not directly impact meconium passage. Educationally, understanding the significance of meconium passage in newborns is crucial for early identification of underlying conditions. Nurses must recognize abnormal signs like the absence of meconium to prompt further assessment and intervention. This question reinforces the importance of recognizing Hirschsprung disease as a potential cause of meconium retention in newborns.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In nephrotic syndrome, a hypercoagulable state can occur due to changes in coagulation factor levels. This is because the loss of proteins, particularly antithrombin III and protein C, through the kidneys leads to decreased regulation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in an increased risk of thrombosis. Option A, hemodilution, is incorrect as it refers to the dilution of blood due to fluid overload, which can actually decrease the risk of thrombosis rather than increase it. Option B, decreased platelet number, is incorrect as thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome is not primarily due to platelet abnormalities but rather to changes in coagulation factors. Option D, decreased hepatic production of fibrinogen, is incorrect as fibrinogen levels are usually elevated in nephrotic syndrome due to increased hepatic synthesis in response to urinary losses. Understanding the pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome and its effects on the coagulation system is crucial for nursing practice, especially when caring for pediatric patients who may be at higher risk for thrombotic complications. Nurses must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of thrombosis in these patients and implement appropriate preventive measures and treatments to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Infant cereal can be introduced by spoon when the extrusion reflex fades. This is the right choice because the extrusion reflex, which causes infants to automatically push out anything placed in their mouth, needs to diminish before introducing solid foods to prevent choking and ensure the infant is developmentally ready for spoon feeding. Option B) is incorrect because the eruption of the first tooth is not an adequate indicator of readiness for solid foods. Teeth development varies among infants and is not a reliable milestone for introducing solids. Option C) is incorrect because tripling the birth weight is not a universally accepted guideline for introducing pureed foods. The readiness for solid foods is more related to developmental milestones and reflexes rather than weight gain alone. Option D) is incorrect because while breast milk or formula can provide adequate nutrition for the first year of life, it does not address the specific milestone of the extrusion reflex fading, which is crucial for safe and effective feeding of solid foods. In an educational context, it is essential for nurses to educate parents on the developmental cues and reflexes that indicate a baby's readiness for solid foods to ensure safe feeding practices and support the infant's nutritional needs. Understanding these milestones can help parents make informed decisions about introducing new foods to their infants and promote healthy feeding habits from an early age.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) He now mimics the gestures of his father. In the resolution of the Oedipal complex during the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual development, a child typically identifies with the same-sex parent to resolve feelings of competition and jealousy towards the opposite-sex parent. By mimicking the gestures of his father, Kenneth is demonstrating identification with the same-sex parent, indicating that he has resolved his Oedipal conflict. Option A) He now assumes the role of his father is incorrect because at this stage, the child is not assuming the actual role of the parent but rather identifying with them. Option B) He now assumes the role of his mother is incorrect as the resolution involves identification with the same-sex parent. Option D) He now mimics the gestures of his mother is incorrect for the same reason. In an educational context, understanding Freud's psychosexual stages can provide insights into children's behavior and development. Recognizing how children navigate these stages can help caregivers and educators support them effectively through various developmental challenges.