Route of administration of cholecalciferol is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the route of administration of a drug is crucial as it directly impacts its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In the case of cholecalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D, the correct route of administration is oral (Option D). Cholecalciferol is a fat-soluble vitamin that is commonly taken orally in the form of supplements. The oral route is preferred for cholecalciferol because it is well-absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can be effectively metabolized in the liver to its active form. Subcutaneous (Option A), intranasal (Option B), and intravenous (Option C) routes are not typically used for cholecalciferol administration. Subcutaneous administration may not provide optimal absorption, intranasal administration may not be suitable for a fat-soluble vitamin like cholecalciferol, and intravenous administration is generally reserved for situations where oral administration is not feasible or in cases where rapid effects are needed. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the appropriate routes of administration for different drugs based on their pharmacokinetic properties and clinical indications. It reinforces the concept that the route of administration plays a significant role in determining the drug's effectiveness and safety for the patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the classification of drugs is crucial for safe and effective medication administration. In the context of cardiovascular drugs, the correct answer is A) Vancomycin, which belongs to the glycopeptide class of antibiotics. Vancomycin is a potent antibiotic commonly used to treat serious bacterial infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors, thereby disrupting cell wall formation and leading to bacterial cell death. Lincomycin (option B) is a lincosamide antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Neomycin (option C) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that disrupts bacterial protein synthesis. Carbenicillin (option D) is a semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic. These antibiotics have different mechanisms of action and do not belong to the glycopeptide class like vancomycin. Educationally, knowing the classification of drugs is important for making informed decisions in clinical practice. Understanding the mechanisms of action of drugs helps healthcare professionals choose the most appropriate treatment for specific infections, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the mechanism of action of drugs is crucial for safe and effective medication administration. In the case of Streptomycin, an antibiotic commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis, the correct mechanism of action is inhibition of protein synthesis (Option B). Streptomycin specifically targets bacterial ribosomes, interfering with the initiation of protein synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. Option A, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, is a mechanism seen in drugs like penicillin which target bacteria with cell walls, such as gram-positive bacteria. Option C, inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, is a mechanism observed in drugs like fluoroquinolones that interfere with bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. Option D, inhibition of cell membrane permeability, is a mechanism associated with polymyxins which disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Educationally, understanding the specific mechanisms of action of different drugs allows healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when selecting appropriate treatments for patients. It also helps in preventing the development of antibiotic resistance by using drugs that target specific bacterial processes effectively. This knowledge is vital in clinical practice to ensure optimal patient outcomes and minimize adverse effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question about cardiovascular drugs, the correct answer is B) Mebendazole, a benzimidazole derivative. Benzimidazoles are a class of drugs commonly used to treat parasitic infections by disrupting the microtubule structure in the parasite. Mebendazole specifically acts by inhibiting microtubule formation, which leads to the paralysis and death of the parasites. Option A) Praziquantel is not a benzimidazole derivative; it is used to treat infections caused by schistosoma and tapeworms by disrupting the parasite's cell membrane. Option C) Suramin is a medication used in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, but it does not belong to the benzimidazole class. Option D) Pyrantel is an anthelmintic medication that is used to treat intestinal worm infections. It works by causing paralysis of the worms but is not a benzimidazole derivative. Understanding the classification of drugs based on their chemical structure is crucial in pharmacology as it helps in predicting their mechanism of action, side effects, and potential drug interactions. Students should be familiar with different drug classes to make informed decisions in clinical practice when choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The thiazide-induced increase in renal excretion of potassium is most likely due to the blockade of the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter. Thiazide diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule which leads to increased sodium and water excretion, as well as potassium excretion. By blocking the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter, thiazides disrupt the normal electrolyte balance in the kidney, resulting in increased potassium excretion.