Risk management involves the selection and implementation of a strategy to reduce risks. It can take many forms—for example, the "four Rs for reducing environmental pollution,". The four Rs are:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. 1. Reduce: Minimizing the generation of waste or pollution at the source is the most effective way to manage risks. 2. Reuse: Extending the life of products by using them multiple times reduces the need for new production, further reducing risks. 3. Recycle: Processing waste materials into new products helps reduce the environmental impact of resource extraction and manufacturing. 4. Recover: Extracting useful materials or energy from waste that cannot be reduced, reused, or recycled is a final step in managing risks. Summary: A: Incorrect. "Reproduce" and "redeliver" are not part of the typical risk management strategies related to environmental pollution. C: Incorrect. "Review" is not an action for reducing risks, and the order of actions is different from the standard reduce, reuse, recycle, recover approach. D: Incorrect. "Report" is not a direct action for reducing risks related to

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Family dynamics. This category focuses on relationships and interactions within the family. In this scenario, the revelation that the husband is a stepfather to the eldest child directly impacts family dynamics as it involves the roles, relationships, and potential adjustments within the family unit. Family demography (A) refers to the basic information about the family structure. Family function (C) pertains to how the family fulfills its roles and responsibilities. Family system (D) looks at the entire family unit as a whole rather than specific relationships or interactions. In this case, the stepfather dynamic specifically falls under family dynamics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virtue ethics. The physician's belief that the client's suffering will build character aligns with the virtue ethics theory, which focuses on the moral character of the individual and the development of virtues like compassion and empathy. By refusing pain medication to teach a lesson, the physician is prioritizing character development over the client's well-being, which is a key aspect of virtue ethics. Summary: A: Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, not the character of the individual. B: Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community values, not individual character development. D: Utilitarianism prioritizes maximizing overall happiness or well-being, not individual character building over pain relief.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Positive predictive value (PPV) is the proportion of individuals with a positive test result who actually have the disease. This is crucial in determining the likelihood that a positive test accurately identifies a true positive case. By calculating PPV, we can assess the test's ability to predict the presence of the disease. In this context, the CHN (clinical history and physical examination) can help improve the accuracy of test results by enhancing the predictive value. Choice A is incorrect because it describes the negative predictive value, which is the proportion of individuals with a negative test result who are actually disease-free. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the variability of the trait being measured, not predictive value. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses inconsistencies in the testing instrument, which are unrelated to predictive value.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because collecting blood specimens from preschool children to check for lead levels is an example of secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat health problems early. This action helps identify children at risk for lead exposure and allows for early intervention to prevent further health issues. Choice B is incorrect because meeting with local government officials to request cleanup is more of a primary prevention strategy aimed at preventing exposure to environmental hazards in the first place. Choice C is incorrect as it involves tertiary prevention, focusing on treatment and management of existing health problems. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to primary prevention by educating parents about lead exposure risks.