Rickets is caused by a deficiency in:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rickets is a condition that primarily affects children and is characterized by softening and weakening of the bones, leading to skeletal deformities. This condition is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D and calcium. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the diet, and together they play a crucial role in bone health and development. Without enough vitamin D and calcium, the bones cannot mineralize properly, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of rickets. Other nutrients like vitamin A, vitamin C, folic acid, and iron do not directly cause rickets.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate nursing action when intermittently gavage-feeding a preterm newborn is to avoid letting the newborn suck on the tube. Preterm infants are at risk for disorganized feeding patterns and can develop a non-nutritive sucking habit when the tube is in their mouth. Allowing them to suck on the tube can lead to difficulty transitioning to oral feeding once they are ready, as they may associate feeding with the tube rather than with proper suckling at the breast or bottle. Therefore, it is important to prevent non-nutritive sucking during gavage feedings to promote successful oral feeding later on.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Monitoring temperature to prevent hypothermia or hyperthermia is an appropriate nursing intervention for a newborn with hyperbilirubinemia receiving phototherapy. Phototherapy can increase the risk of hypothermia in newborns due to increased heat loss from evaporation, convection, and conduction. On the other hand, hyperthermia can occur if the newborn is over-wrapped or placed too closely to the light source. Therefore, frequent temperature monitoring is essential to maintain a stable body temperature within a normal range and prevent adverse effects related to temperature dysregulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The clinical manifestations described in the scenario are classic signs of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which occurs in newborns who were exposed to drugs, particularly narcotics, in utero. The newborn's symptoms of poor feeding, sucking on his hands, tachycardia, fever, projectile vomiting, loose stools, sneezing, and generalized sweating are consistent with NAS. These symptoms occur as the newborn experiences withdrawal from the drugs to which they were exposed during pregnancy. In this case, the lack of prenatal care suggests that the mother may have used narcotics during pregnancy, leading to NAS in the newborn. It is essential for healthcare providers to recognize these signs and provide appropriate care and support for infants experiencing NAS.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The approach that would be best to use to ensure a positive response from a toddler is to assume an eye-level position and talk quietly (Option A). This approach is effective because it demonstrates respect and consideration for the toddler's perspective. By being at the child's eye level, you are showing that you are engaging with them on their level, which can help them feel more comfortable and respected. Additionally, talking quietly can help create a calm and soothing environment, which is often more conducive to getting a positive response from a toddler. This approach shows empathy and understanding towards the toddler's needs and can help in building a positive relationship with them.