Rickets is a potential side effect from all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rickets, from vitamin D deficiency, is a side effect of antiepileptics like phenytoin , phenobarbital , primidone , and carbamazepine , which induce liver enzym(e.g., CYP450), accelerating vitamin D metabolism and reducing calcium absorption. Valproate , however, donot significantly induce these enzymes, sparing vitamin D metabolism and thus not causing rickets. This metabolic distinction is key: enzyme inducers disrupt bone health, while valproatmechanism (GABA enhancement) avoids this, making B the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: PHACE syndrome includposterior fossa malformations , hemangiomas , arterial anomali(coarctation, D), and eye abnormaliti. Anal anomaliare not part of PHACE; A in PHACE stands for arterial, not anal. This acronym-based distinction makes C the exception and correct answer, as it falls outside the syndromdefined features.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In healthy children, EEGs show abnormaliti(e.g., benign spikes) in ~10% , per studilike Cavazzuti et al., reflecting normal variants. Higher rat(15-25%, C-E) occur in epilepsy, while 5% underestimatfindings. This baseline 10% as typical for healthy kids make B the correct answer, balancing sensitivity and specificity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Scaphocephaly , from sagittal suture closure, is the most common craniosynostosis (~50% of cases), causing a long, narrow skull. Frontal and occipital plagiocephaly involve coronal or lambdoid sutures, while trigonocephaly is metopic. Sagittal predominance, per epidemiology, makes C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lower serum sodium increasfebrile seizure recurrence risk by lowering seizure threshold via hyponatremias effect on neuronal excitability. Potassium , chloride , calcium , and magnesium imbalancare less linked. Studi(e.g., Pediatrics) highlight sodiums role, making A the correct answer.