Review of a patient's chart reveals that two years ago she was treated with ritodrine. Which of the following was the most likely condition or reason for which this drug was given?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Premature labor. Ritodrine is a tocolytic agent commonly used to inhibit premature labor by relaxing the uterine muscles. It works by decreasing the frequency and intensity of contractions, helping to delay premature delivery. Parkinson's disease (A), bronchial asthma (B), and depression (C) are not conditions typically treated with ritodrine. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder, bronchial asthma is a respiratory condition, and depression is a mental health condition. Therefore, based on the pharmacological action of ritodrine and the context of its usage, the most likely reason for which this drug was given in this case is to manage premature labor.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Donepezil is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because it is a reversible anti-cholinesterase that helps improve cognitive function by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain. This neurotransmitter is important for memory and learning, which are affected in Alzheimer's disease. Choice A (Glaucoma) is incorrect because Donepezil does not treat this condition. Choice B (Bradycardia) is incorrect because Donepezil does not affect heart rate. Choice C (Urine retention) is incorrect because Donepezil does not have any impact on urinary function. In summary, the correct answer is D (Alzheimer's disease) because Donepezil's mechanism of action aligns with the cognitive deficits seen in this condition, while the other choices are not related to the drug's pharmacological effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication. Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain. Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow. Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure. Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.