Retinal hemorrhages are an important marker of abusive head trauma (AHT). Whenever AHT is being considered, a dilated indirect eye examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist should be performed. All the following are characteristic of retinal hemorrhage caused by AHT EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Various sizes are characteristic of AHT-related retinal hemorrhages. Central involvement and multiple layers are also typical, whereas traumatic retinoschisis is not commonly seen in AHT.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The recommended IV epinephrine dose in pediatric cardiac arrest is 10 mcg/kg (0.01 mg/kg). It enhances cardiac output by increasing heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction, improving perfusion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hirschsprung disease is caused by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon, leading to functional obstruction, delayed meconium passage, and bilious vomiting. Diagnosis is confirmed with a rectal biopsy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul breathing) is typically associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, renal tubular acidosis, and CNS stimulants. Heart failure typically causes shallow, labored breathing, not deep breathing without distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Croup is more common in males, affecting young children with a characteristic barking cough and stridor. Parainfluenza virus is the leading cause, with peak incidence around 6 months to 3 years.