Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is crucial. The correct answer, D) normal atrial chamber dimensions, is indicative of RCM. RCM is characterized by stiff ventricular walls leading to impaired diastolic filling, resulting in normal ventricular chamber dimensions but with increased atrial pressures causing atrial dilation. Option A) normal ventricular chamber dimensions is incorrect as RCM typically presents with normal ventricular chamber size. Option B) normal myocardial wall thickness is also incorrect as RCM can present with increased myocardial wall thickness due to fibrosis. Option C) preserved systolic function is incorrect as RCM usually results in diastolic dysfunction while systolic function may be impaired in some cases. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing key features of RCM in pediatric patients. Understanding these distinctions is vital for accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and improving patient outcomes in pediatric cardiology. Nurses need to be well-versed in the nuances of pediatric cardiovascular disorders to provide optimal care and support to their young patients and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular disorders, understanding pulmonary stenosis is crucial. The correct answer is A) Most common at pulmonary valve level. Pulmonary stenosis refers to the narrowing of the pulmonary valve or the area just below it. This narrowing obstructs blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, leading to increased pressure in the right ventricle. Option B is incorrect because valve dilatation is typically not done for dysplastic valves in pulmonary stenosis; other treatment modalities like balloon valvuloplasty or surgery may be considered. Option C is incorrect as an ejection click is commonly associated with aortic valve abnormalities, not pulmonary stenosis. Option D is incorrect because surgery for pulmonary stenosis is usually considered when the right ventricular pressure exceeds 50-60 mmHg, not 25 mmHg. Educationally, it is vital for nurses to recognize the characteristics of pulmonary stenosis to provide appropriate care for pediatric patients. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and treatment options for pulmonary stenosis is essential for accurate assessment, intervention, and patient education. By grasping these concepts, nurses can effectively contribute to the holistic care of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Mitral valve prolapse is a common valvular abnormality in children. The correct answer is A) Occurs in congenital myxomatous valves. This is because mitral valve prolapse is often associated with myxomatous degeneration of the valve leaflets, leading to the valve's prolapse into the left atrium during systole. This condition is commonly seen in pediatric patients with connective tissue disorders or genetic syndromes. Option B) Need a Sx is incorrect because surgery is not typically indicated for mitral valve prolapse in pediatric patients unless severe regurgitation or other complications arise. Most cases can be managed conservatively through close monitoring. Option C) Rare cause of MR is incorrect as mitral regurgitation (MR) is actually a common complication of mitral valve prolapse due to the improper closure of the valve leaflets, leading to backflow of blood into the left atrium. Option D) Need prophylactic antibiotics is incorrect because prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely recommended for mitral valve prolapse in the absence of infective endocarditis risk factors. In an educational context, understanding the pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for these children. Recognizing the association with myxomatous degeneration and the potential development of MR helps nurses provide appropriate care and education to patients and families. Close monitoring, symptom management, and follow-up evaluations are key components of the nursing care plan for pediatric patients with mitral valve prolapse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In congenital hypertrophic pulmonary stenosis, the correct answer is B) In some cases can be treated with non-surgical methods. This is because in this condition, there is an obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery due to narrowing of the pulmonary valve. Non-surgical treatment options such as balloon valvuloplasty or medication management can be effective in relieving the obstruction and improving symptoms in some cases. Option A) Metabolic alkalosis occurs is incorrect because congenital hypertrophic pulmonary stenosis does not directly lead to metabolic alkalosis. Option C) During surgery tumor is removed is incorrect as this condition is not associated with the presence of a tumor that needs to be removed during surgery. Option D) Is a cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonate is incorrect as congenital hypertrophic pulmonary stenosis is not a cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which is typically related to liver or bile duct issues. In an educational context, understanding the treatment options and complications associated with congenital hypertrophic pulmonary stenosis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. It is essential to be able to differentiate between various congenital cardiovascular disorders and their management strategies to provide optimal care and support to these patients and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders, the displacement of the apex to the anterior axillary line is a key clinical finding that can help differentiate between different conditions. In this case, the correct answer is B) Truncus arteriosus. Truncus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect where a single arterial trunk arises from the heart, instead of the normal two separate vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery). This results in displacement of the apex to the anterior axillary line due to the enlarged heart. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) TOF (Tetralogy of Fallot): In TOF, the apex is typically not displaced to the anterior axillary line. Instead, TOF is characterized by a boot-shaped heart on chest X-ray due to right ventricular hypertrophy. C) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: This condition involves underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, leading to a small left ventricle. While it can cause displacement of the apex, it is usually towards the left side rather than the anterior axillary line. D) TAPVD (Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage): This condition involves abnormal connection of pulmonary veins to the right atrium or other systemic veins. It does not typically cause displacement of the apex to the anterior axillary line. Educational context: Understanding these clinical findings and their associations with specific pediatric cardiovascular disorders is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with heart conditions. This knowledge helps in early recognition of potential issues, appropriate interventions, and collaboration with the healthcare team to provide optimal care for these vulnerable patients.